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Tuesday, 03 December 19
STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF VERY LOW SULPHUR FUEL OILS - GARD
 In order to meet increasing restrictions on the sulphur content in marine fuel as defined by MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14.1.3, the characteristics of the blending component feedstocks, method of production and type of cutter stocks used may be different from those in use today. As a result, marine fuels post 2020, i.e. max 0.50% blended fuels, are expected to result in a wide range of fuel formulations and characteristics and, consequently, an increased risk of instability and incompatibility compared with most fuels currently being used.
The aim of the International Council on Combustion Engines’ (CIMAC) new guideline, Marine fuel handling in connection to stability and compatibility, is to provide a practical and working understanding of the definitions of stability and compatibility of residual marine fuel oils and how these two fuel properties may be best managed in the supply chain and on-board ships. The guideline also covers the accepted available test methodologies for stability and for predicting compatibility, as well as their applicability and correct interpretation.
CIMAC is a project sponsor of the Joint Industry Guidance on the supply and use of 0.50% – sulphur marine fuel which was released in August 2019. The new CIMAC guideline builds on the Joint Industry Guidance and provides practical and detailed advice on fuel handling that should be required reading for those responsible for procurement of bunkers and fuel management onboard for vessels using residual fuels.
Stability vs compatibility
Residual fuel oils contain asphaltenes which is a generic term covering a wide range of heavier hydrocarbon structures of high molecular weight and high carbon/hydrogen ratios. If the asphaltenes cannot be retained in their suspended state, they will drop out as sludge and the fuel becomes unstable – also called ‘asphaltene precipitation’. The sludge is difficult to remove and in the worst case can harden into “coke like material” that must be removed manually.
The stability of a residual fuel is defined by its resistance to precipitate asphaltenic sludge despite being subjected to forces, such as thermal and ageing stresses, while handled and stored under normal operating conditions.
While stability is a characteristic of a single fuel as supplied, compatibility is the ability of two or more fuels to be comingled without evidence of material separation; or in other words, no asphaltenes precipitating when the fuels are mixed. Two perfectly stable fuels may be incompatible when mixed. Two stable fuels that are compatible at some mixing ratios may also be incompatible at other mixing ratios. It is therefore critical to properly test for compatibility before commingling.
From a ship perspective, the impact of an unstable fuel is identical to the impact of having mixed two incompatible fuels. In both instances, excessive sludge concentration may form in tanks and can readily choke purifiers, filters, fuel injection equipment and even fuel lines themselves. However, the responsibilities are very different. “It is the responsibility of the supplier to provide a stable product whereas it is the responsibility of the engineers on board to apply best fuel management practice to mitigate the risk associated with mixing incompatible fuels” states CIMAC.
Key recommendations
In order to mitigate the risk of a fuel becoming unstable on board, CIMAC recommends all marine fuels be purchased under ISO 8217:2017, including the information given in the ISO/PAS 23263:2019. Furthermore, ships’ crews are advised to apply a “first-in first-out” fuel inventory principle and make every effort to prevent the fuel being unnecessarily heated over extended periods.
Commingling of bunker fuel is never recommended but if there is no other option than to load on top in the bunker tank, CIMAC recommends that compatibility checks are made using actual ratios or if not known then ratios of around 10/90, 50/50 and 90/10 are recommended as a minimum. CIMAC also emphasizes on controlled laboratory testing for determining stability or compatibility.
The guideline in its entirety is available on the CIMAC website.
Further reading
Reference is also made to our publications Marine fuel – a toxic mix? and Contaminated bunkers: protecting the purchaser, highlighting some learning points from the “Houston contaminated bunker” cases in 2018. Our Alert Is the fuel in your emergency equipment fit for the purpose? emphasizes the importance of ensuring quality fuel being used for emergency equipment.
Source: Gard
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Saturday, 16 October 21
DESPITE HIGHER COAL PRICES, U.S. COAL RECOVERY LOOKS WEAK BY MOST MEASURES - IEEFA
U.S. coal sector is locked into a long-term sectoral decline
Coal prices have surged to the highest level in years in the U.S., and have soare ...
Saturday, 16 October 21
COAL IS 'KING' AS GAS PRICES SOAR, TOTAL CEO SAYS - AND IT’S BACKFIRING ON CLEANER ENERGY GOALS - CNBC
Surging natural gas prices have led to a jump in coal use, with plants in Europe and Asia firing back up as temperatures decline and the world grap ...
Saturday, 16 October 21
VIETNAM'S COAL-FIRED POWER MAY DOUBLE BY 2030 UNDER DRAFT ENERGY PLAN - REUTERS
Vietnam may double the amount of coal-fired electric generation it installs by 2030 under a draft power development plan submitted to the prime min ...
Friday, 15 October 21
AUSTRALIA'S WHITEHAVEN EXPECTS TO BE DEBT-FREE NEXT YEAR AS COAL PRICES SOAR - REUTERS
Australia’s Whitehaven Coal WHC.AX said on Thursday it expects to be debt-free by early 2022, as thermal coal prices surge to record highs on ...
Friday, 15 October 21
WINTER CHILL KEEPS CHINA'S COAL PRICES HIGH, POWER CRUNCH STOKES INFLATION - REUTERS
China coal prices held near record highs on Thursday as cold weather swept into the country’s north and power plants stocked up on the fuel t ...
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- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- The University of Queensland
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Parliament of New Zealand
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
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