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Tuesday, 03 December 19
STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF VERY LOW SULPHUR FUEL OILS - GARD
 In order to meet increasing restrictions on the sulphur content in marine fuel as defined by MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14.1.3, the characteristics of the blending component feedstocks, method of production and type of cutter stocks used may be different from those in use today. As a result, marine fuels post 2020, i.e. max 0.50% blended fuels, are expected to result in a wide range of fuel formulations and characteristics and, consequently, an increased risk of instability and incompatibility compared with most fuels currently being used.
The aim of the International Council on Combustion Engines’ (CIMAC) new guideline, Marine fuel handling in connection to stability and compatibility, is to provide a practical and working understanding of the definitions of stability and compatibility of residual marine fuel oils and how these two fuel properties may be best managed in the supply chain and on-board ships. The guideline also covers the accepted available test methodologies for stability and for predicting compatibility, as well as their applicability and correct interpretation.
CIMAC is a project sponsor of the Joint Industry Guidance on the supply and use of 0.50% – sulphur marine fuel which was released in August 2019. The new CIMAC guideline builds on the Joint Industry Guidance and provides practical and detailed advice on fuel handling that should be required reading for those responsible for procurement of bunkers and fuel management onboard for vessels using residual fuels.
Stability vs compatibility
Residual fuel oils contain asphaltenes which is a generic term covering a wide range of heavier hydrocarbon structures of high molecular weight and high carbon/hydrogen ratios. If the asphaltenes cannot be retained in their suspended state, they will drop out as sludge and the fuel becomes unstable – also called ‘asphaltene precipitation’. The sludge is difficult to remove and in the worst case can harden into “coke like material” that must be removed manually.
The stability of a residual fuel is defined by its resistance to precipitate asphaltenic sludge despite being subjected to forces, such as thermal and ageing stresses, while handled and stored under normal operating conditions.
While stability is a characteristic of a single fuel as supplied, compatibility is the ability of two or more fuels to be comingled without evidence of material separation; or in other words, no asphaltenes precipitating when the fuels are mixed. Two perfectly stable fuels may be incompatible when mixed. Two stable fuels that are compatible at some mixing ratios may also be incompatible at other mixing ratios. It is therefore critical to properly test for compatibility before commingling.
From a ship perspective, the impact of an unstable fuel is identical to the impact of having mixed two incompatible fuels. In both instances, excessive sludge concentration may form in tanks and can readily choke purifiers, filters, fuel injection equipment and even fuel lines themselves. However, the responsibilities are very different. “It is the responsibility of the supplier to provide a stable product whereas it is the responsibility of the engineers on board to apply best fuel management practice to mitigate the risk associated with mixing incompatible fuels” states CIMAC.
Key recommendations
In order to mitigate the risk of a fuel becoming unstable on board, CIMAC recommends all marine fuels be purchased under ISO 8217:2017, including the information given in the ISO/PAS 23263:2019. Furthermore, ships’ crews are advised to apply a “first-in first-out” fuel inventory principle and make every effort to prevent the fuel being unnecessarily heated over extended periods.
Commingling of bunker fuel is never recommended but if there is no other option than to load on top in the bunker tank, CIMAC recommends that compatibility checks are made using actual ratios or if not known then ratios of around 10/90, 50/50 and 90/10 are recommended as a minimum. CIMAC also emphasizes on controlled laboratory testing for determining stability or compatibility.
The guideline in its entirety is available on the CIMAC website.
Further reading
Reference is also made to our publications Marine fuel – a toxic mix? and Contaminated bunkers: protecting the purchaser, highlighting some learning points from the “Houston contaminated bunker” cases in 2018. Our Alert Is the fuel in your emergency equipment fit for the purpose? emphasizes the importance of ensuring quality fuel being used for emergency equipment.
Source: Gard
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Tuesday, 13 February 24
WHAT IS THE OUTLOOK FOR THE NATURAL GAS SPOT PRICE IN 2024 AND 2025? EIA
We expect the U.S. benchmark Henry Hub natural gas spot price to average higher in 2024 and 2025 than in 2023, but to remain lower than $3.00 per m ...
Monday, 12 February 24
US THERMAL COAL EXPORTS HIT 5-YEAR HIGHS AND TOP $5 BLN IN 2023 - REUTERS
United States exporters of thermal coal earned more than $5 billion in 2023 as they shipped out more than 32.5 million metric tons of the high-poll ...
Tuesday, 06 February 24
NEW E-FUELS PROJECT TO MAKE INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING CLIMATE-NEUTRAL - RINA
Transport and trade on the ocean blue must be made much greener. This is the goal of the new €17 million European GAMMA project, where compani ...
Tuesday, 06 February 24
INDIA SEES ANNUAL COAL OUTPUT UP 10.9% IN 2024/25 - REUTERS
India expects domestic coal output to increase by 10.9% to 1.13 billion metric tons in the fiscal year ending March 2025, a senior government offic ...
Tuesday, 06 February 24
INDIA'S COAL PRODUCTION INCREASES BY 10.3% TO 99.73 MILLION TONNE IN JANUARY - PTI
The country’s coal output rose 10.3 per cent to 99.73 Million Tonne (MT) in January, over the same month in the previous fiscal.
...
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- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- The University of Queensland
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- MS Steel International - UAE
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Planning Commission, India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
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