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Tuesday, 03 December 19
STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF VERY LOW SULPHUR FUEL OILS - GARD
 In order to meet increasing restrictions on the sulphur content in marine fuel as defined by MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14.1.3, the characteristics of the blending component feedstocks, method of production and type of cutter stocks used may be different from those in use today. As a result, marine fuels post 2020, i.e. max 0.50% blended fuels, are expected to result in a wide range of fuel formulations and characteristics and, consequently, an increased risk of instability and incompatibility compared with most fuels currently being used.
The aim of the International Council on Combustion Engines’ (CIMAC) new guideline, Marine fuel handling in connection to stability and compatibility, is to provide a practical and working understanding of the definitions of stability and compatibility of residual marine fuel oils and how these two fuel properties may be best managed in the supply chain and on-board ships. The guideline also covers the accepted available test methodologies for stability and for predicting compatibility, as well as their applicability and correct interpretation.
CIMAC is a project sponsor of the Joint Industry Guidance on the supply and use of 0.50% – sulphur marine fuel which was released in August 2019. The new CIMAC guideline builds on the Joint Industry Guidance and provides practical and detailed advice on fuel handling that should be required reading for those responsible for procurement of bunkers and fuel management onboard for vessels using residual fuels.
Stability vs compatibility
Residual fuel oils contain asphaltenes which is a generic term covering a wide range of heavier hydrocarbon structures of high molecular weight and high carbon/hydrogen ratios. If the asphaltenes cannot be retained in their suspended state, they will drop out as sludge and the fuel becomes unstable – also called ‘asphaltene precipitation’. The sludge is difficult to remove and in the worst case can harden into “coke like material” that must be removed manually.
The stability of a residual fuel is defined by its resistance to precipitate asphaltenic sludge despite being subjected to forces, such as thermal and ageing stresses, while handled and stored under normal operating conditions.
While stability is a characteristic of a single fuel as supplied, compatibility is the ability of two or more fuels to be comingled without evidence of material separation; or in other words, no asphaltenes precipitating when the fuels are mixed. Two perfectly stable fuels may be incompatible when mixed. Two stable fuels that are compatible at some mixing ratios may also be incompatible at other mixing ratios. It is therefore critical to properly test for compatibility before commingling.
From a ship perspective, the impact of an unstable fuel is identical to the impact of having mixed two incompatible fuels. In both instances, excessive sludge concentration may form in tanks and can readily choke purifiers, filters, fuel injection equipment and even fuel lines themselves. However, the responsibilities are very different. “It is the responsibility of the supplier to provide a stable product whereas it is the responsibility of the engineers on board to apply best fuel management practice to mitigate the risk associated with mixing incompatible fuels” states CIMAC.
Key recommendations
In order to mitigate the risk of a fuel becoming unstable on board, CIMAC recommends all marine fuels be purchased under ISO 8217:2017, including the information given in the ISO/PAS 23263:2019. Furthermore, ships’ crews are advised to apply a “first-in first-out” fuel inventory principle and make every effort to prevent the fuel being unnecessarily heated over extended periods.
Commingling of bunker fuel is never recommended but if there is no other option than to load on top in the bunker tank, CIMAC recommends that compatibility checks are made using actual ratios or if not known then ratios of around 10/90, 50/50 and 90/10 are recommended as a minimum. CIMAC also emphasizes on controlled laboratory testing for determining stability or compatibility.
The guideline in its entirety is available on the CIMAC website.
Further reading
Reference is also made to our publications Marine fuel – a toxic mix? and Contaminated bunkers: protecting the purchaser, highlighting some learning points from the “Houston contaminated bunker” cases in 2018. Our Alert Is the fuel in your emergency equipment fit for the purpose? emphasizes the importance of ensuring quality fuel being used for emergency equipment.
Source: Gard
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Wednesday, 21 June 23
CHINA'S MAY COAL IMPORTS FROM AUSTRALIA RECOVER TO PRE-BAN LEVELS - REUTERS
Australian coal sales to China increased in May, as trade resumed between them even as overall coal demand weakened against an uncertain macroecono ...
Monday, 19 June 23
DROUGHT-DEPLETED HYDROPOWER DRIVES CHINA TO TURN TO COAL - REUTERS
China has leant hard on coal-fired power plants as well as wind and solar generators to make up for a shortfall in hydroelectric generation as a re ...
Monday, 19 June 23
CHINA COAL OUTPUT UP 4.2 PCT IN MAY - XINHUA
China’s raw coal output posted steady growth in May, official data showed.
The country produced 390 million tonnes of raw coal ...
Wednesday, 24 May 23
AMMONIA-FUELLED BULK CARRIERS WITHIN FIVE YEARS - BALTIC EXCHANGE
Within five years, ships powered by clean ammonia could be a feature on the iron ore trade routes between West Australia and East Asia.
A study ...
Tuesday, 23 May 23
CHINA'S APRIL COAL OUTPUT LEAPS 11% ON YEAR, BUT DEMAND DOWNTURN LOOMS - REUTERS
China’s daily coal output in April jumped 11% from the same month a year earlier, boosted by Beijing’s order to increase supply to ensu ...
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- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- The University of Queensland
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- PTC India Limited - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
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