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Tuesday, 03 December 19
STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF VERY LOW SULPHUR FUEL OILS - GARD
 In order to meet increasing restrictions on the sulphur content in marine fuel as defined by MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14.1.3, the characteristics of the blending component feedstocks, method of production and type of cutter stocks used may be different from those in use today. As a result, marine fuels post 2020, i.e. max 0.50% blended fuels, are expected to result in a wide range of fuel formulations and characteristics and, consequently, an increased risk of instability and incompatibility compared with most fuels currently being used.
The aim of the International Council on Combustion Engines’ (CIMAC) new guideline, Marine fuel handling in connection to stability and compatibility, is to provide a practical and working understanding of the definitions of stability and compatibility of residual marine fuel oils and how these two fuel properties may be best managed in the supply chain and on-board ships. The guideline also covers the accepted available test methodologies for stability and for predicting compatibility, as well as their applicability and correct interpretation.
CIMAC is a project sponsor of the Joint Industry Guidance on the supply and use of 0.50% – sulphur marine fuel which was released in August 2019. The new CIMAC guideline builds on the Joint Industry Guidance and provides practical and detailed advice on fuel handling that should be required reading for those responsible for procurement of bunkers and fuel management onboard for vessels using residual fuels.
Stability vs compatibility
Residual fuel oils contain asphaltenes which is a generic term covering a wide range of heavier hydrocarbon structures of high molecular weight and high carbon/hydrogen ratios. If the asphaltenes cannot be retained in their suspended state, they will drop out as sludge and the fuel becomes unstable – also called ‘asphaltene precipitation’. The sludge is difficult to remove and in the worst case can harden into “coke like material” that must be removed manually.
The stability of a residual fuel is defined by its resistance to precipitate asphaltenic sludge despite being subjected to forces, such as thermal and ageing stresses, while handled and stored under normal operating conditions.
While stability is a characteristic of a single fuel as supplied, compatibility is the ability of two or more fuels to be comingled without evidence of material separation; or in other words, no asphaltenes precipitating when the fuels are mixed. Two perfectly stable fuels may be incompatible when mixed. Two stable fuels that are compatible at some mixing ratios may also be incompatible at other mixing ratios. It is therefore critical to properly test for compatibility before commingling.
From a ship perspective, the impact of an unstable fuel is identical to the impact of having mixed two incompatible fuels. In both instances, excessive sludge concentration may form in tanks and can readily choke purifiers, filters, fuel injection equipment and even fuel lines themselves. However, the responsibilities are very different. “It is the responsibility of the supplier to provide a stable product whereas it is the responsibility of the engineers on board to apply best fuel management practice to mitigate the risk associated with mixing incompatible fuels” states CIMAC.
Key recommendations
In order to mitigate the risk of a fuel becoming unstable on board, CIMAC recommends all marine fuels be purchased under ISO 8217:2017, including the information given in the ISO/PAS 23263:2019. Furthermore, ships’ crews are advised to apply a “first-in first-out” fuel inventory principle and make every effort to prevent the fuel being unnecessarily heated over extended periods.
Commingling of bunker fuel is never recommended but if there is no other option than to load on top in the bunker tank, CIMAC recommends that compatibility checks are made using actual ratios or if not known then ratios of around 10/90, 50/50 and 90/10 are recommended as a minimum. CIMAC also emphasizes on controlled laboratory testing for determining stability or compatibility.
The guideline in its entirety is available on the CIMAC website.
Further reading
Reference is also made to our publications Marine fuel – a toxic mix? and Contaminated bunkers: protecting the purchaser, highlighting some learning points from the “Houston contaminated bunker” cases in 2018. Our Alert Is the fuel in your emergency equipment fit for the purpose? emphasizes the importance of ensuring quality fuel being used for emergency equipment.
Source: Gard
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Saturday, 01 August 20
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Friday, 31 July 20
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Capesize
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Friday, 31 July 20
PANDEMIC SENDING SOUTH AFRICAN COAL INDUSTRY TO EARLIER GRAVE - IEEFA
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- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Planning Commission, India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Economic Council, Georgia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- White Energy Company Limited
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Posco Energy - South Korea
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