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Tuesday, 27 March 18
SHIPPING MARKET ANALYSIS - GERRY LATHROP
 With the almost complete phase out of Tier II new-building slots on our door step, along with the plethora of emissions related articles seemingly published every other day, this week we will take a look at the pros and cons of different fuels, their emissions/by products, and conclude with possibly one of the best interim alternatives to the present emissions problem said Allied Shipbroking in its latest weekly report.
According to Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking, Fuel oil(s) probably account for the largest percentage of marine fuels by weight consumed. The reason for this is quite simple, it’s incredibly cheap while they are also quite energy dense (around .97 – 1.0 sg or tons per cubic meter) when compared to other alternatives such as diesel (.85 sg) methanol (0.79 sg), LPG of equal parts C3 and C4 atoms (0.537 sg) and LNG (0.45 sg). In general, fuel oil releases the most carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion, about 3.11 tons of CO2 per ton of product, followed by LPG at 3.01 mts, LNG 2.75mts, diesel 2.63 mts and methanol at 1.37 mts. Many of you may be thinking, how can 1 ton of product create 2 tons of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry of the combustion process. Simply put, combustion takes carbon from the fuel, and adds oxygen from the atmosphere and releases energy. The oxygen in this case makes up more than 2 thirds of the CO2 molecules.
But where do NOx and SOx fall into play? Unfortunately, NOx and SOx emissions are not as straight forward to quantify. For example, Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking further noted, the total sulfur content of a given fuel is heavily dependent on where it was sourced, while removing sulfur is quite difficult and expensive. For that reason, giving any concrete figures for fuel oil and diesel can be inaccurate. On the other hand, LNG and LPG often have their sulfur content removed through the use of an acid gas removal unit (AGR), which is then processed in a sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Unfortunately, NOx emissions are similar to SOx emissions in that they are not fixed. However, NOx differs from SOx, as the same fuel may produce little NOx emissions in one engine, and higher emissions in another. Similarly, the same engine may produce no NOx emissions at one speed or engine load, and then at full speed, may produce a significant amount of the pollutant. The main source of NOx in fuels stems from the high heat reached during combustion. In order to produce little NOx, the temperature inside and around the engine must be lower than about 760 degrees Celsius. Methanol, LNG, and LPG burn at lower temperatures than other fuels, and thus could produce lower amounts of NOx emissions. How does all this fit into the industries search for lowering harmful emissions? Well as there is yet to emerge a single fuel that is clean and has negligible harmful emissions, the cheapest and probably best alternative right now seems to be the scrubber. Scrubbers work by physically and chemically cleaning the harmful emissions inside the exhaust. This is done by spraying water over the gas in the smokestack and then either discharging it into the ocean in the case of open loop systems, or cleaning the water through the use of chemicals or filters, and then reusing the water again in the case of closed loop scrubbers. This is possibly a better interim solution for commercial shipping emissions, as LNG powered vessels can be more costly to buy and maintain, while retrofitting a vessel to run on LNG will probably cost more than a scrubber in most cases, especially when taking into consideration the technical and space restricting challenges that are usually involved in the case of switching to LNG.
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Wednesday, 22 March 23
MARKET INSIGHT - INTERMODAL
The crude tanker market continues to gather momentum as we head towards the end of 1Q2023, against a backdrop of strong U.S. exports paired with a ...
Wednesday, 22 March 23
WILL LOWER GAS PRICES SPARK SWITCHING IN EUROPE AND ASIA?
Record high prices devastated demand for gas and LNG across Asia and Europe last year. But with prices falling, companies are starting to re-evalua ...
Monday, 20 March 23
NTPC MULLS 5.4 MILLION TONNES COAL IMPORT IN FIRST HALF OF 2023-24: PTI
State-run power giant NTPC is planning to import around 5.4 million tonnes of coal to meet the supply shortage during the first half 2023-24 fiscal ...
Monday, 20 March 23
S. AFRICA’S EXXARO RESOURCES SAYS COAL PRICES COOLING OFF - REUTERS
South Africa’s Exxaro Resources on Thursday posted a 28% jump in 2022 profit after seeing average coal prices surge more than 150%, but warne ...
Saturday, 18 March 23
RUSSIAN LNG EXPORTS TO EUROPE REMAIN HIGH - VESSELS VALUE
Russian LNG exports to Europe remained at very high levels in February at 3.6 million CBM, following a 13 month high in January of 4.1 million CBM. ...
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- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Australian Coal Association
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- The University of Queensland
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
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