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Tuesday, 27 March 18
SHIPPING MARKET ANALYSIS - GERRY LATHROP
 With the almost complete phase out of Tier II new-building slots on our door step, along with the plethora of emissions related articles seemingly published every other day, this week we will take a look at the pros and cons of different fuels, their emissions/by products, and conclude with possibly one of the best interim alternatives to the present emissions problem said Allied Shipbroking in its latest weekly report.
According to Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking, Fuel oil(s) probably account for the largest percentage of marine fuels by weight consumed. The reason for this is quite simple, it’s incredibly cheap while they are also quite energy dense (around .97 – 1.0 sg or tons per cubic meter) when compared to other alternatives such as diesel (.85 sg) methanol (0.79 sg), LPG of equal parts C3 and C4 atoms (0.537 sg) and LNG (0.45 sg). In general, fuel oil releases the most carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion, about 3.11 tons of CO2 per ton of product, followed by LPG at 3.01 mts, LNG 2.75mts, diesel 2.63 mts and methanol at 1.37 mts. Many of you may be thinking, how can 1 ton of product create 2 tons of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry of the combustion process. Simply put, combustion takes carbon from the fuel, and adds oxygen from the atmosphere and releases energy. The oxygen in this case makes up more than 2 thirds of the CO2 molecules.
But where do NOx and SOx fall into play? Unfortunately, NOx and SOx emissions are not as straight forward to quantify. For example, Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking further noted, the total sulfur content of a given fuel is heavily dependent on where it was sourced, while removing sulfur is quite difficult and expensive. For that reason, giving any concrete figures for fuel oil and diesel can be inaccurate. On the other hand, LNG and LPG often have their sulfur content removed through the use of an acid gas removal unit (AGR), which is then processed in a sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Unfortunately, NOx emissions are similar to SOx emissions in that they are not fixed. However, NOx differs from SOx, as the same fuel may produce little NOx emissions in one engine, and higher emissions in another. Similarly, the same engine may produce no NOx emissions at one speed or engine load, and then at full speed, may produce a significant amount of the pollutant. The main source of NOx in fuels stems from the high heat reached during combustion. In order to produce little NOx, the temperature inside and around the engine must be lower than about 760 degrees Celsius. Methanol, LNG, and LPG burn at lower temperatures than other fuels, and thus could produce lower amounts of NOx emissions. How does all this fit into the industries search for lowering harmful emissions? Well as there is yet to emerge a single fuel that is clean and has negligible harmful emissions, the cheapest and probably best alternative right now seems to be the scrubber. Scrubbers work by physically and chemically cleaning the harmful emissions inside the exhaust. This is done by spraying water over the gas in the smokestack and then either discharging it into the ocean in the case of open loop systems, or cleaning the water through the use of chemicals or filters, and then reusing the water again in the case of closed loop scrubbers. This is possibly a better interim solution for commercial shipping emissions, as LNG powered vessels can be more costly to buy and maintain, while retrofitting a vessel to run on LNG will probably cost more than a scrubber in most cases, especially when taking into consideration the technical and space restricting challenges that are usually involved in the case of switching to LNG.
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Friday, 01 December 23
COAL MINERS GROUP EXPECTS INDONESIA’S 2023 COAL OUTPUT TO SURPASS TARGET - REUTERS
The Indonesian Coal Mining Association (ICMA) expects the country’s 2023 coal output to surpass the official target of 695 million metric ton ...
Friday, 24 November 23
COAL IMPORTS TO INDIA IN OCTOBER 2023 REACHED HIGHEST LEVELS IN NEARLY A YEAR AND A HALF - VESSELSVALUE, VESON NAUTICAL
In October, coal imports to India reached 13.8 mt in October 2023, according to Oceanbolt, a Veson Nautical solution, the highest level since May 2 ...
Friday, 24 November 23
COAL SHIPMENTS TO ADVANCED ECONOMIES DOWN 17% SO FAR IN 2023 - BIMCO
In the first ten months of 2023, coal shipments to advanced economies fell by 17% y/y, as demand for electricity declined and the share of electric ...
Friday, 24 November 23
INTELLIGENT COAL MINES CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVING SAFETY STANDARDS - CHINA DAILY
Mechanization, automation and intelligent upgrades have contributed to improved safety in coal mines, though the level of development of intelligen ...
Friday, 24 November 23
WHY AUSTRALIA'S COAL MINES ARE GETTING BIGGER - IEEFA
Australia’s largest coal mines are getting larger. Mines in New South Wales (NSW) are ramping up production following the state’s recov ...
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- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- White Energy Company Limited
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Minerals Council of Australia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- PTC India Limited - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Australian Coal Association
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
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