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Tuesday, 27 March 18
SHIPPING MARKET ANALYSIS - GERRY LATHROP
 With the almost complete phase out of Tier II new-building slots on our door step, along with the plethora of emissions related articles seemingly published every other day, this week we will take a look at the pros and cons of different fuels, their emissions/by products, and conclude with possibly one of the best interim alternatives to the present emissions problem said Allied Shipbroking in its latest weekly report.
According to Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking, Fuel oil(s) probably account for the largest percentage of marine fuels by weight consumed. The reason for this is quite simple, it’s incredibly cheap while they are also quite energy dense (around .97 – 1.0 sg or tons per cubic meter) when compared to other alternatives such as diesel (.85 sg) methanol (0.79 sg), LPG of equal parts C3 and C4 atoms (0.537 sg) and LNG (0.45 sg). In general, fuel oil releases the most carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion, about 3.11 tons of CO2 per ton of product, followed by LPG at 3.01 mts, LNG 2.75mts, diesel 2.63 mts and methanol at 1.37 mts. Many of you may be thinking, how can 1 ton of product create 2 tons of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry of the combustion process. Simply put, combustion takes carbon from the fuel, and adds oxygen from the atmosphere and releases energy. The oxygen in this case makes up more than 2 thirds of the CO2 molecules.
But where do NOx and SOx fall into play? Unfortunately, NOx and SOx emissions are not as straight forward to quantify. For example, Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking further noted, the total sulfur content of a given fuel is heavily dependent on where it was sourced, while removing sulfur is quite difficult and expensive. For that reason, giving any concrete figures for fuel oil and diesel can be inaccurate. On the other hand, LNG and LPG often have their sulfur content removed through the use of an acid gas removal unit (AGR), which is then processed in a sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Unfortunately, NOx emissions are similar to SOx emissions in that they are not fixed. However, NOx differs from SOx, as the same fuel may produce little NOx emissions in one engine, and higher emissions in another. Similarly, the same engine may produce no NOx emissions at one speed or engine load, and then at full speed, may produce a significant amount of the pollutant. The main source of NOx in fuels stems from the high heat reached during combustion. In order to produce little NOx, the temperature inside and around the engine must be lower than about 760 degrees Celsius. Methanol, LNG, and LPG burn at lower temperatures than other fuels, and thus could produce lower amounts of NOx emissions. How does all this fit into the industries search for lowering harmful emissions? Well as there is yet to emerge a single fuel that is clean and has negligible harmful emissions, the cheapest and probably best alternative right now seems to be the scrubber. Scrubbers work by physically and chemically cleaning the harmful emissions inside the exhaust. This is done by spraying water over the gas in the smokestack and then either discharging it into the ocean in the case of open loop systems, or cleaning the water through the use of chemicals or filters, and then reusing the water again in the case of closed loop scrubbers. This is possibly a better interim solution for commercial shipping emissions, as LNG powered vessels can be more costly to buy and maintain, while retrofitting a vessel to run on LNG will probably cost more than a scrubber in most cases, especially when taking into consideration the technical and space restricting challenges that are usually involved in the case of switching to LNG.
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Saturday, 18 February 23
PAKISTAN PLANS TO QUADRUPLE DOMESTIC COAL-FIRED POWER, MOVE AWAY FROM GAS - REUTERS
Pakistan plans to quadruple its domestic coal-fired capacity to reduce power generation costs and will not build new gas-fired plants in the coming ...
Saturday, 18 February 23
2023 MARINE FUEL MARKET PREDICTIONS - JOHN BERGMAN, AURAMARINE
The drive for decarbonisation we witnessed in 2022 has continued into 2023, demonstrating the shipping’s industry positive strides in the fas ...
Saturday, 28 January 23
COAL GROWTH BLIP NOT TO BE REPEATED - BALTIC EXCHANGE
As 2022 drew to a close, global coal demand looked set to end the year just 1.2% up on the previous year. But that small increase was enough to pus ...
Thursday, 26 January 23
CHINA'S COAL OUTPUT INCREASES IN DECEMBER 2022 - XINHUA
China’s raw coal output posted stable expansion in December 2022, official data showed.
The country produced 400 million tonne ...
Thursday, 26 January 23
COKING COAL NARROWS THE GAP ON THERMAL AS CHINA REOPENS - REUTERS
The premium of high-grade thermal coal over coking coal in Asia is shrinking as China’s re-opening and ending of a ban on imports from Austra ...
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- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Australian Coal Association
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- PTC India Limited - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
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