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Tuesday, 27 March 18
SHIPPING MARKET ANALYSIS - GERRY LATHROP
 With the almost complete phase out of Tier II new-building slots on our door step, along with the plethora of emissions related articles seemingly published every other day, this week we will take a look at the pros and cons of different fuels, their emissions/by products, and conclude with possibly one of the best interim alternatives to the present emissions problem said Allied Shipbroking in its latest weekly report.
According to Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking, Fuel oil(s) probably account for the largest percentage of marine fuels by weight consumed. The reason for this is quite simple, it’s incredibly cheap while they are also quite energy dense (around .97 – 1.0 sg or tons per cubic meter) when compared to other alternatives such as diesel (.85 sg) methanol (0.79 sg), LPG of equal parts C3 and C4 atoms (0.537 sg) and LNG (0.45 sg). In general, fuel oil releases the most carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion, about 3.11 tons of CO2 per ton of product, followed by LPG at 3.01 mts, LNG 2.75mts, diesel 2.63 mts and methanol at 1.37 mts. Many of you may be thinking, how can 1 ton of product create 2 tons of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry of the combustion process. Simply put, combustion takes carbon from the fuel, and adds oxygen from the atmosphere and releases energy. The oxygen in this case makes up more than 2 thirds of the CO2 molecules.
But where do NOx and SOx fall into play? Unfortunately, NOx and SOx emissions are not as straight forward to quantify. For example, Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking further noted, the total sulfur content of a given fuel is heavily dependent on where it was sourced, while removing sulfur is quite difficult and expensive. For that reason, giving any concrete figures for fuel oil and diesel can be inaccurate. On the other hand, LNG and LPG often have their sulfur content removed through the use of an acid gas removal unit (AGR), which is then processed in a sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Unfortunately, NOx emissions are similar to SOx emissions in that they are not fixed. However, NOx differs from SOx, as the same fuel may produce little NOx emissions in one engine, and higher emissions in another. Similarly, the same engine may produce no NOx emissions at one speed or engine load, and then at full speed, may produce a significant amount of the pollutant. The main source of NOx in fuels stems from the high heat reached during combustion. In order to produce little NOx, the temperature inside and around the engine must be lower than about 760 degrees Celsius. Methanol, LNG, and LPG burn at lower temperatures than other fuels, and thus could produce lower amounts of NOx emissions. How does all this fit into the industries search for lowering harmful emissions? Well as there is yet to emerge a single fuel that is clean and has negligible harmful emissions, the cheapest and probably best alternative right now seems to be the scrubber. Scrubbers work by physically and chemically cleaning the harmful emissions inside the exhaust. This is done by spraying water over the gas in the smokestack and then either discharging it into the ocean in the case of open loop systems, or cleaning the water through the use of chemicals or filters, and then reusing the water again in the case of closed loop scrubbers. This is possibly a better interim solution for commercial shipping emissions, as LNG powered vessels can be more costly to buy and maintain, while retrofitting a vessel to run on LNG will probably cost more than a scrubber in most cases, especially when taking into consideration the technical and space restricting challenges that are usually involved in the case of switching to LNG.
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Friday, 06 September 24
REBOUND IN OIL DEMAND COULD LIFT MARKET IN LATTER HALF OF 2024 - BIMCO
Supply/demand
Based on a strong second half demand, the supply/balance is forecast to strengthen in 2024 but weaken slightly in 2025 as n ...
Friday, 06 September 24
GLOBAL SEABORNE LNG TRADE HAS CONTINUED TO INCREASE LAST YEAR - BANCHERO COSTA
Global seaborne LNG trade has continued to increase last year, helped also by the events in Ukraine which forced Europe to diversify away from Russ ...
Wednesday, 28 August 24
SEABORNE COAL IMPORTS INTO INDIA INCREASED BY +9.9% Y-O-Y TO 146.6 MLN T - BANCHERO COSTA
Global coal trade has really picked up pace over the past year, and is now fully back to pre-Covid levels said Banchero Costa Research in its lates ...
Tuesday, 06 August 24
EXERCISE CAUTION WITH AMMONIA SWITCH - BALTIC EXCHANGE
A new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has thrown a spanner into the plan to transition ships from diesel fuel to ammonia ...
Friday, 02 August 24
ENERGY MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: COAL AND NATURAL GAS PRICES REACH RECORD HIGHS - WORLD BANK
The recent surge in natural gas and coal prices has been so swift that the main benchmarks were roughly three times higher in 2022Q2 compared to a ...
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- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Planning Commission, India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- VISA Power Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Australian Coal Association
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
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