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Friday, 13 May 16
COAL CARGOES - SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: SWEDISH CLUB
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Indonesia continues to be amongst the world’s major exporters of coal, some 426Mt being traded in 2013 mostly to India and China. The potential problems associated with coals from Indonesia are now well known to the shipping community and typically stem from a propensity of the material to self-heat, leading potentially to “spontaneous combustion”. Incidents continue to occur with barges of coal being presented for loading with stows that are evolving steam or even on fire.
Experience has enabled advice to be provided on how to manage such situations both by attending loading and discharge, or by advising remotely. More recently, however, incidents have occurred where gas readings have shown that coal already loaded exhibits not only self-heating characteristics but also significant methane emission. It may be the case that such cargoes are commercially selected blends of different mined products because coals with these two different properties are typically geologically distinct. The IMO International Maritime Solid Bulk Code entry for coal provides clear guidance as to how to deal with coals with either one property but the guidance is less clear if both are apparent. Moreover, the basic strategy for dealing with self-heating is to starve the coal of oxygen (i.e. air) by sealing the hatch covers and other openings, whereas for methane emission the strategy is to provide ventilation – the exact opposite. Such incidents, therefore, call for very careful management and the need for expert advice.
On board monitoring of coal cargoes in such situations relies to a very high degree on taking accurate gas readings, using equipment of the type specified in the IMSBC Code capable of measuring the concentrations of methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide. Although under “normal conditions” the Code indicates that one set of measurements per day is sufficient, if problems occur then in the initial stages this frequency might be considerably increased, perhaps to every two or three hours in order to monitor the conditions developing in the holds and the effectiveness of any actions taken.
The atmospheres that are sampled under such conditions may contain high concentrations of carbon monoxide and flammable gases (including methane) and virtually no oxygen. Experience shows that some sensors in gas detectors repeatedly exposed to such extremes may eventually not provide accurate readings or may fail altogether, although modern sensors may be somewhat less prone to these effects. In addition, the readings obtained from different instruments at the same time are rarely identical and sometimes vary greatly. As an extreme example, in a recent case it was found that two different gas analysers, both within their calibration dates and both ostensibly working normally, on occasion gave readings from the same location that were an order of magnitude apart. Clearly this could have a major effect on decision making.
On the same topic, at the 94th session of the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee in November 2014, a new SOLAS regulation was agreed (XI-1/7) requiring that on or after 01 July 2016 all vessels (of 500 g.r.t. and above) must carry portable detectors capable of measuring the concentrations of oxygen, flammable gases, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide along with the additional requirement that “suitable means shall be provided for the calibration of all such instruments”. It is hoped that by carrying calibration equipment, ship’s crews will be able more easily to identify when an analyser is not working correctly and needs to be serviced or replaced. Of course in many parts of the world technical facilities for the repair or replacement of analysers may not be immediately available. In the case of coal carriers loading in remote locations, Owners and Managers may thus wish to consider having a second calibrated analyser kept separately on board for back-up purposes.
When it comes to selecting suitable analysers, the IMSBC Code notes that the catalytic sensors used to measure methane concentrations (usually on the “%lel” scale) may not provide accurate results in atmospheres with a low oxygen content; “low” in this context typically being less than about 10%. This disadvantage can be overcome by the use of instruments that incorporate infrared (“IR”) sensors, which do not require the simultaneous presence of oxygen. In addition, modern analysers which can measure carbon monoxide concentrations of 2000ppm or more offer distinct advantages when monitoring incidents of self-heating.
Source: The Swedish Club
About The Swedish Club
The Swedish Club is a leading marine mutual insurer, headquartered in Gothenburg, Sweden, and with offices in some of the world's strategic shipping centres. The Swedish Club is a true mutual organisation with focus on marine safety and loss prevention.
Established in 1872, it is owned and self-managed and under the direct control of its members. All strategic decisions are taken by a Board of Directors drawn from the members.
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Monday, 25 July 16
STRONG BUYER DEMAND PUSHING UP INDONESIAN THERMAL COAL INDICES
COALspot.com: Average 5000 GAR coal index of Indonesian origin rose 0.73 percent week over week to averaging $40.83 per ton this past week, shows C ...
Monday, 25 July 16
THE BDI FELL ON WEAKER RATES FOR CAPESIZE & PANAMAX VESSELS
COALspot.com: The Baltic Exchange, tracking rates for ships carrying dry bulk commodities slide slightly as Cape and Panamax segments ending in neg ...
Friday, 22 July 16
U.S COAL OUTPUT ROSE 17.2% WEEK OVER WEEK - EIA
COALspot.com – U.S, world’s second largest coal producers has produced approximately totalled an estimated 15.1 million short tons (mms ...
Thursday, 21 July 16
WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU DON'T GET PAID - SHIPOWNERS CLUB
Present market conditions have led to an increase in claims related to unpaid hire. To recover unpaid hire, Owners need to fully understand who the ...
Thursday, 21 July 16
CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS: WHAT GOES IN TO CALCULATING QUANTUM? - HILL DICKINSON
KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
The Commercial Court recently delivered its judgment in an important case (Connect Shipping Inc and Machrimar Management ...
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- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Planning Commission, India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- The University of Queensland
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
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