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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Monday, 11 August 14
INDONESIAN THERMAL COAL SWAPS SEEING SOME POSITIVE TREND
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for average September 2014 increased US$ 0.20 (+0.36%) day on day and US$ 1.30 (+2.41%) per mt week on week. Th ...
Monday, 11 August 14
SGX CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAPS DIRECTION HEADING TO NORTH
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swap for delivery in September 2014 increased US$ 0.50 (+0.74%) day on day and US$ 1.55 (+2.33%)&nbs ...
Monday, 11 August 14
A TALE OF TWO TRADES - EVA TZIMA
COALspot.com: It has without a doubt been “a cruel, cruel summer” for the Dry Bulk market so far and with second hand values still stan ...
Sunday, 10 August 14
FREIGHT RATES FROM INDONESIA TO INDIA IS EXPECTED TO BE STEADY NEXT WEEK - VISTAAR
COALspot.com: This week the BDI and other segments saw some improvements. The BDI increased by 3.46 pct week on week and closed at 777 points.
...
Friday, 08 August 14
MINING DISPUTE IS CRIPPLING LOCAL ECONOMIES IN EASTERN INDONESIA - JG
- By Iwan Harsono -
It seems as if there’s no end in sight to the series of negotiations between the government and mining companies about ...
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Showing 3551 to 3555 news of total 6871 |
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- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- White Energy Company Limited
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Australian Coal Association
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
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