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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Friday, 08 August 14
CAPESIZE RATES ARE REMAINING MORE OR LESS UNCHANGED AT BOTTOM LOW LEVELS - FEARNLEYS AS
Handy
An improving sentiment with stronger rates and fair demand for prompt tonnage in the Atlantic, both on the Continent and in the Med for the ...
Friday, 08 August 14
U.S PRODUCED 35.80 MMST OF COAL IN JULY; UP 7.89 MONTH OVER MONTH
COALspot.com – United States the world's second largest coal producer, produced approximately 19.50 million short tons (mmst) of coal in ...
Friday, 08 August 14
PORT OF NEWCASTLE SHIPPED 19.52% MORE COAL IN JULY FROM LAST MONTH
COALspot.com: The Port of Newcastle, Australia’s major trading ports and the world’s largest coal export port, has shipped 14,036,947 t ...
Thursday, 07 August 14
SHORT-TERM COAL OUTLOOK IMPROVES - SAM QUEST
With demand for and supply of coal to grow in the near future, prices are expected to rebound in the short term; the long-term prospects, however, ...
Thursday, 07 August 14
BULKING UP IN AFRICA: CHINA INFLATES SEABORNE MINERALS EXPORT TRADE - RICHARD SCOTT
Africa’s profile as an exporter of dry bulk commodities is rising. Responding to growing import demand from China, India and other buyers in ...
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- White Energy Company Limited
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Economic Council, Georgia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Australian Coal Association
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
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- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- MS Steel International - UAE
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
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