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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Monday, 18 August 14
SUB-BIT FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP CLOSED AT $58.60 FOR SEPTEMBER 2015; UP $4 FROM SEPTEMBER 2014 CLOSING
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for average September 2014 decreased US$ 0.15 (-0.27%) day on day and US$ 0.75 (-1.36%) per mt week on week. Th ...
Monday, 18 August 14
CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP PERFORMED WELL THIS PAST WEEK
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swap for delivery in September 2014 increased US$ 0.45 (+0.66%) day on day and US$ 0.30 (+0.44%)&nbs ...
Saturday, 16 August 14
HIGH DEMAND OF IRON ORE SHIPMENTS PUSHED CAPE INDEX UPWARDS
COALspot.com: This week's freight market was buoyant with Cape and panamax index seeing a big jump pushing the BDI above 1,000 points week on c ...
Friday, 15 August 14
5TH ANNUAL POWER AND ELECTRICITY INDONESIA
5TH ANNUAL POWER AND ELECTRICITY INDONESIA
13-16 October 2014
Grand Hyatt Jakarta, Indonesia
Web Site
The country’s definitive ...
Thursday, 14 August 14
U.S. STEAM COAL IMPORTS REMAIN DOWN SHARPLY FROM HISTORIC HIGH IN 2007, SAYS EIA
COALspot.com: U.S. steam coal imports at power plants have fallen significantly from their peak level of more than 30 million tons in 2007 to less ...
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- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- PTC India Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- The University of Queensland
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- White Energy Company Limited
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
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