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Monday, 09 March 15
CHINA'S SUPREME COURT ISSUES NEW JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION ON SHIP ARREST AND JUDICIAL SALE OF SHIPS - GARD
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
China is not traditionally a popular jurisdiction for ship arrest. However, Members and clients with ships calling at ports in China should be aware of this development. This guidance is aimed at clarifying ship arrest and sale procedure in the Chinese maritime courts which could lead to more frequent vessel arrests in China.
This Insight is a brief commentary on a new judicial interpretation1 issued by China’s Supreme Court. It covers a number of issues relating to ship arrest and the judicial sale of ships (the Interpretation) that came into force on 1 March 2015.
Provision of counter-security for arrest
It is normal practice for a claimant to provide counter-security when arresting in China. Article 76 of the Special Maritime Procedure Law 1999 (SMPL 1999)2 provides that the amount of counter-security should be equivalent to the probable loss the arrest would cause to the party whose vessel is arrested. Over the years, the practice of the Chinese maritime courts has varied depending on the facts of the case and different approaches by individual judges. In some cases, the counter-security amount was equivalent to 30 days’ hire of the vessel, whilst in others an amount equal to the claim in respect of which the vessel was arrested.
The Interpretation sets out in Article 5 a mechanism to calculate the security amount based on the aggregate of:
- the maintenance expenses of the vessel during the period of arrest
- the loss of use resulting from the arrest
- the cost to the party whose vessel had been arrested (the respondent) to provide security to release the vessel.
This is the same formula used for assessing the losses resulting from wrongful arrest, as set out in Article 24 of the Supreme Court’s judicial interpretation of 2003 relating to application of the SMPL 1999.3
A number of factors remain unclear, however, such as:
- the level of maintenance to be carried out during the arrest period
- the applicable rate of hire while under arrest
- the scope of security costs – in practice, the maritime courts have generally only included the commission payable by the respondent to provide a bank guarantee.
Furthermore, at the time the arrest application is made – and counter-security is assessed – the respondent will not have an opportunity to substantiate or challenge the evidence submitted relating to maintenance, hire and security costs. That said, once counter security has been provided following the vessel’s arrest, the owners may apply for the amount of security to be increased in the event it can be shown that the original amount is insufficient to cover the owners’ likely losses if the arrest proves wrongful.
Although Article 5 still leaves some open questions, at least it sets out a formula to be followed.
A further clarification relating to counter-security is set out in Article 4. This provides that the maritime courts have a discretion not to request counter-security if the arrest relates to a claim for personal injury at sea or a claim arising under a crew service contract.
Multiple arrests of the same vessel
Article 2 of the Interpretation allows multiple claimants to arrest the same vessel as security for their respective claims. Further, if a claimant has made an arrest application but not applied for a judicial sale, then any subsequent claimant making an arrest application may apply for judicial sale of the vessel according to Article 28 of SMPL 1999.
The Interpretation does not, however, tackle the issue of whether each claimant having arrested the vessel must provide counter-security to the full extent of their respective claims.
Judicial sale and procedure
There are several provisions relating to the judicial sale of vessels:
- Article 11 provides that the judicial sale of a vessel is to be organized by a ship auction committee (comprising judges, auctioneers and surveyors, normally three or five persons, as per Article 34 SMPL 1999)
- Article 13 states that in the event of two failed judicial auctions, the sale price of a ship can be reduced – but not to less than 50 per cent of its assessed value
- Article 14 provides that if a ship has still not been sold after a price reduction, the court may lower the price below 50 per cent of its assessed value provided consent is given by creditors representing two thirds or more of the registered creditors’ claims. In the event a sale is still unsuccessful, the court may release the vessel from arrest
- Article 16 requires creditors to register their claims within 60 days after the court’s announcement for the first judicial auction.
Release of counter-security
The practice of the Chinese maritime courts relating to release or return of counter-security has been a concern for claimants in the past. Counter-security could be held up to two years after the claim had been settled on the basis that it represented security for a possible, subsequent wrongful arrest claim brought by the respondent.
Article 6 of the Interpretation will no doubt be welcomed by claimants. It provides that counter-security should be returned to the claimant forthwith:
- if the respondent agrees, or
- if the claimant requests its return, supported by a valid judicial instrument affirming that the respondent is liable for the claim and the awarded amount is approximately equivalent to the amount of security.
In addition, when a claim has been finally concluded, the claimant can apply to the maritime court for return of the security. The court will notify the respondent and allow them to bring any wrongful arrest claim within 30 days, failing which the security will be returned to the claimant.
Arrest and judicial sale of bareboat chartered vessels
Article 23 of SMPL 1999 allows a claimant to apply to arrest a vessel where its bareboat charterer may be liable for a maritime claim and the ship is under bareboat charter at the time of arrest. However, it has not been clear whether the claimant could apply for judicial sale of the vessel following the arrest.
This is now resolved by Article 3 of the Interpretation, which provides that the claimant is entitled to apply (under Article 29 SMPL 1999) for a judicial sale of the vessel to recover a maritime claim for which the bareboat charterer is liable.
This provision is likely to expose head owners to the possibility of their vessel being subjected to a judicial sale through no fault of their own. This might be of significant interest to a shipowner who finances a bareboat charterer to purchase a vessel.
Miscellaneous
Article 7 provides that the shipowner or bareboat charterer is to remain in charge of management of the vessel while under arrest. Should they fail to do so, the maritime court may appoint the claimant or a third party to manage the ship. In which case, the management costs are to be borne by the shipowner or bareboat charterer, or to be paid out of the proceeds of a judicial sale of the vessel.
Under Article 9, the maritime court must terminate the arrest order in the event that it is impossible to enforce the arrest for “objective reasons”. It has not been defined what amounts to “objective reasons”. One possibility could be that the vessel is no longer within the jurisdiction of the Chinese maritime courts, another that the vessel has become a total loss.
The Interpretation should result in a more common approach to arrest and judicial sale by the Chinese maritime courts. However, some issues arising under the SMPL 1999 remain to be resolved, such as whether insolvency of an owner of an arrested ship should take priority over a maritime lien. Nevertheless it is expected that this Interpretation will be generally welcomed by the maritime courts and parties involved in maritime claims.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to Wang Jing & Co for use of their in-house English translation of the Interpretation, in which further details of the changes can found.
Questions or comments concerning this Gard Insight article can be e-mailed to the Gard Editorial Team.
Source: Gard | Hellenic Shipping
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Thursday, 19 February 15
PANAMAX: NOPAC AND AUSSIE ROUNDS ARE DONE IN LOW/MID $ 4000; TRIPS VIA INDONESIA TO INDIA CLOSER TO THE $5000 MARK - FEARNLEYS
Handy
The handy and supra market has not seen any firming rates in front of the Chinese New Year and still suffering on low activity in both hemi ...
Wednesday, 18 February 15
DRY BULK SHIPPING TO RECOVER IN LATE 2015 - DREWRY MARITIME RESEARCH
Strong trade growth, moderating fleet development and deployment of new fuel efficient vessels are expected to lead to a recovery in dry bulk shipp ...
Tuesday, 17 February 15
WHO PAYS THE SUEZ CANAL FEES? - INCE & CO
KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
This was an appeal from an arbitration award on a point of construction in relation to the wording of an addendum to a ch ...
Tuesday, 17 February 15
BUOYANT WAVES IN RECENT YEARS: GLOBAL SHIP INVESTMENT SINCE THE CRASH - HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
Anxiety about fleet expansion is a recurring feature of world shipping markets. Within the global maritime community, worries about the vast amount ...
Tuesday, 17 February 15
FOB SUB-BIT INDONESIA COAL SWAP UP 8% MONTH OVER MONTH
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for delivery Q2' 2015 rose week over week and month on month.
The Q2 swap up US$ 3.58 (+8.00%) month o ...
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- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- The University of Queensland
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- White Energy Company Limited
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
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