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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Friday, 06 June 14
RICHARDS BAY COAL TERMINAL SHIPPED 4.221 MMT OF COAL TO SOUTHERN ASIAN COUNTRIES IN MAY
COALspot.com: South Africa's Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) the single largest export coal terminal in the world, shipped 5.58 million tons ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
RBCT SOUTH AFRICA SHIPPED 21% LESS COAL IN APRIL COMPARED TO MARCH EXPORTS
COALspot.com: South Africa's Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) the single largest export coal terminal in the world, shipped 5.45 million tons ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
PANAMAX : THIS WEEK STARTED IN A SLOW PACE - FEARNLEYS
Handy
After last week's silent and unexciting week we see some more activity this week, especially from the South American market. The rates ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
PORT OF NEWCASTLE SHIPPED 2.91 MMT OF COAL IN THIS PAST WEEK
COALspot.com: The figure constitutes a 4.30 percent higher compared to the previous week, following a week on week decreased of 19.13 percent recor ...
Wednesday, 04 June 14
SKULD: DIVERSIFICATION AND A ROBUST BOTTOM LINE
In February, I was delighted to ring in the new policy year with the Skuld team following a solid renewal round and a strong year. 2013 was, in man ...
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- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
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- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
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- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
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- Planning Commission, India
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- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
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- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
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- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
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- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
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- Marubeni Corporation - India
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- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
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- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
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- SMC Global Power, Philippines
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- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
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- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
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- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Economic Council, Georgia
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- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
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- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
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- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
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- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
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- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
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- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
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- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
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- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
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- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- ASAPP Information Group - India
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- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- MS Steel International - UAE
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
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- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
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- White Energy Company Limited
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- Wilmar Investment Holdings
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- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
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- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
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