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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Friday, 06 June 14
RICHARDS BAY COAL TERMINAL SHIPPED 4.221 MMT OF COAL TO SOUTHERN ASIAN COUNTRIES IN MAY
COALspot.com: South Africa's Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) the single largest export coal terminal in the world, shipped 5.58 million tons ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
RBCT SOUTH AFRICA SHIPPED 21% LESS COAL IN APRIL COMPARED TO MARCH EXPORTS
COALspot.com: South Africa's Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) the single largest export coal terminal in the world, shipped 5.45 million tons ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
PANAMAX : THIS WEEK STARTED IN A SLOW PACE - FEARNLEYS
Handy
After last week's silent and unexciting week we see some more activity this week, especially from the South American market. The rates ...
Thursday, 05 June 14
PORT OF NEWCASTLE SHIPPED 2.91 MMT OF COAL IN THIS PAST WEEK
COALspot.com: The figure constitutes a 4.30 percent higher compared to the previous week, following a week on week decreased of 19.13 percent recor ...
Wednesday, 04 June 14
SKULD: DIVERSIFICATION AND A ROBUST BOTTOM LINE
In February, I was delighted to ring in the new policy year with the Skuld team following a solid renewal round and a strong year. 2013 was, in man ...
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- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Minerals Council of Australia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- PTC India Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
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