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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Sunday, 15 June 14
COAL FREIGHT RATES FALL FURTHER ON LACK OF DEMANDS - CAPT. REDDY
COALspot.com: The BDI softened this week as all segments fell this week. The Panamax sector being most affected. The Cape index was down 3.51 pct w ...
Friday, 13 June 14
US COAL PRODUCTION FELL 3% IN WEEK THAT ENDED JUNE 7, SAYS EIA
COALspot.com – United States the world's second largest coal producer, produced approximately 18.6 million short tons (mmst) of coal in a ...
Friday, 13 June 14
DRY BULK MARKET KEEPS ON FALLING, DESPITE RESPITE OF THE CAPESIZE SECTOR - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market has kept on its lacklustre performance overall, with the Baltic Dry Index (BDI) still hovering below the 1,000 point mark. Yest ...
Thursday, 12 June 14
INDONESIA SETS HBA FOR MONTH OF JUNE AT US$ 73.64
COALspot.com - The Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources of Indonesia has revised up first time in last four months the coal bench mark price. ...
Thursday, 12 June 14
HANDY : TA MARKET IS CONTINUING SOUTH WITH A DECREASE OF 26% W-O-W
Handy
The week started off with holidays in most European countries and the TA market is continuing south with a decrease of 26% w-o-w. We do see ...
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- The Treasury - Australian Government
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- The University of Queensland
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Planning Commission, India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Australian Coal Association
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- White Energy Company Limited
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
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