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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Monday, 28 July 14
Q3' 14, SUB-BIT FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP GAINED $ 0.08 DAY ON DAY AND $ 0.68 WEEK ON WEEK
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for average Q3’ 2014 increased by just US$ 0.08 day on day and US$ 0.68 week on week. The swap was lost U ...
Monday, 28 July 14
S. KOREA'S KOSPO SEEKS 148K T OF 4700 NAR COAL
COALspot.com: Korea Southern Power Co Ltd (KOSPO) is seeking 148,000 tonnes of 4,700 kcal/kg NCV steaming coal for shipment between October to Nove ...
Monday, 28 July 14
CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP SLIGHTLY UP WEEK ON WEEK
COALspot.com: Coal price falling is continues as the impact oversupply and lower demand. The swap for Q3, Q4 and Q1 2015 showing slight improvement ...
Sunday, 27 July 14
RAMADAN HOLIDAYS IN INDONESIA PUTTING PRESSURE ON CHARTER RATES FROM INDONESIA - VISTAAR INDIA
COALspot.com: The freight rates were almost steady as very slight improvement in BDI by about 1 pct. The BDI was at 739 points after improvin ...
Saturday, 26 July 14
COAL MINING COMPANIES CLOSED TEMPORARILY - THE JAKARTA POST
The Sarolangun regency administration in Jambi has suspended the operations of 10 coal mining companies in line with a circular issued by Regent Ce ...
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- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Australian Coal Association
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- The University of Queensland
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- PTC India Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Planning Commission, India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- White Energy Company Limited
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
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