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Tuesday, 29 December 20
CORROSION-RESISTANT STEELS FOR CARGO OIL TANKS - DNV GL
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances at varying ratios and in most cases contains at least some salt water. Even after desalination some of this brine remains dissolved in the crude and gradually sinks to the bottom of the cargo oil tank during transport. The corrosive nature of salt, along with microorganisms and other aggressive substances contained in the cargo oil, causes rust, most notably in the form of pitting, which are cavities in the steel that deepen over time.
Double-hull tankers are more prone to pitting
“Pitting corrosion is typically found in the bottom area of cargo oil tanks,” explains Dr Eva Junghans, Senior Principal Engineer and Lead of Practice Materials & Welding and Additive Manufacturing at DNV GL. “Above the cargo surface, especially on the underside of the upper deck, corrosion tends to be more evenly spread,” the expert continues. “It is primarily caused by aggressive chemicals contained in the inert gas, which is flue gas from auxiliary engines pumped into the cargo tanks to prevent an explosion of fumes rising up from the cargo.”
While in the single-hull tankers of the past the cooling effect of the seawater slowed down bacterial growth by keeping the cargo relatively cool, the double hull of compliant modern tankers insulates the cargo from the low temperature of the seawater. As a result, the cargo stays relatively warm, providing ideal conditions for corrosion-causing microorganisms to thrive. Pitting therefore progresses rapidly on an unprotected tank bottom, weakening the metal and risking cargo loss, structural damage and environmental pollution.
“The traditional way to prevent pitting and general corrosion has been to apply specially formulated coatings to the affected surfaces,” says Dr Junghans. “This is an expensive, time-consuming process that needs to be supervised to ensure proper execution. What is more, protective coatings typically have to be renewed from time to time.”
Corrosion-resistant steel – a proven alternative approach
These well-known facts prompted three Japanese steel manufacturers – JFE Steel Corporation, Nippon Steel Corporation and Kobe Steel, Ltd. – to submit a proposal to IMO to accept the use of corrosion-resistant steels as an alternative method of preventing corrosion in crude oil tanks. Following thorough discussion, IMO issued its new ‘Performance Standard for Alternative Means of Corrosion Protection for Cargo Oil Tanks of Crude Oil Tankers’ as an extension of the Performance Standards for Protective Coatings (PSPC) in 2010.
Research performed over a ten-year period by JFE Steel Corporation in a crude oil tanker delivered in 2008 confirmed that the corrosion-resistant steel dramatically reduced both pitting corrosion and general surface corrosion compared to uncoated conventional steel. Various other vessels featuring cargo tanks fitted with these advanced steels have been in operation since the new IMO PSPC standard came into effect and have demonstrated vastly improved corrosion resistance. The technology can thus be considered as validated.
New notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms compliance
DNV GL has since revised its relevant ship construction rules to incorporate corrosion-resistant steels for cargo tanks, and recently added the new classifier “CA” (for “corrosion protection by alternate means”) to its existing corrosion protection class notation. Announced in July 2020, the new notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms a ship’s compliance with the corrosion protection requirements for cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers, by application of approved corrosion-resistant steel grades in one of the following areas of a cargo tank:
a) Lower surface of the strength deck and surrounding structures (RCU)
b) Upper surface of the inner bottom plating and surrounding structures (RCB)
c) Both the strength deck and the inner bottom plating (RCW)
Besides using the approved steel grades, the notation also implies the use of appropriate, approved welding consumables to join the plates. Compliance with both requirements must be substantiated by submitting specific documentation. The class notation will enter into force six months after publication of the rules, i.e. in January 2021.
Eliminating the cost of coating
Opting for corrosion-resistant steels in the corrosion-prone areas of crude oil tanks offers various benefits to owners and charterers as well as shipyards. One example is to eliminate the cost of coating and shortening the time it takes to complete a newbuild in the yard. Furthermore, no coatings need to be reapplied to the relevant tank wall areas over the lifetime of the vessel since the IMO performance standard assumes a useful life of 25 years of the cargo oil tank (COT) steel until its thickness is reduced beyond acceptable levels. Owners who choose this class notation can demonstrate to cargo owners that their crude oil tankers have a lower risk of tank bottom or wall failure, cargo loss and environmental pollution, thereby enhancing confidence in their ships.
Approved steel grades enhance customer confidence
DNV GL has approved all corrosion-resistant steel grades developed by the three Japanese steelmakers according to the IMO standard and the corresponding DNV GL standard, DNVGL-CP-0429. The Tokyo head office of JFE Steel Corporation commented: “Receiving approval from DNV GL, a world-leading classification society, for our corrosion-resistant steels is a milestone for us. Corrosion-resistant steels have not been so popular among oil majors and Euro-American operators of crude oil tankers, although these steels have already been well adopted for use in cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers operated by Japanese operators for Japanese oil companies. However, DNV GL’s approval for our corrosion-resistant steels raises awareness among oil majors and Euro-American operators as an alternative means to meet the IMO standard.” Several Chinese steelmakers have since requested approval from DNV GL for their COT steels.
Source: DNV GL
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Thursday, 17 December 20
BUMA SIGNED US$1.0 BILLION WORTH OF EXTENSION CONTRACT WITH BERAU COAL
PT Bukit Makmur Mandiri Utama, subsidiary of PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk., has extended its mining services contracts with PT Berau Coal, in relation ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
INDONESIA 2020 COAL CONSUMPTION ESTIMATED AT 140-145 MLN TONNES - OFFICIAL, REUTERS REPORTED
Indonesia’s domestic coal consumption is estimated at 140-145 million tonnes this year, Dodik Ariyanto, an official at the energy ministry, t ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
RUSSIA REVISES DOWN EXPORT EXPECTATION - FITCH
The Ministry of Economy of Russia, the world’s third largest thermal coal exporting country, released its annual forecasts ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
INDIAN COAL IMPORTS TO REMAIN SUBDUED - FITCH RATINGS
Fitch Rating commented on Indian Coal Imports, Fitch said, coal imports by Indian utilities fell by about 24% yoy to 44 million tonnes (mt) i ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
CHINA TO BOOST DOMESTIC SUPPLY - FITCH
China’s benchmark Qinhuangdao 5,500kcal/kg coal price rose above the government’s upper yellow interval of CNY600/tonne in early Octobe ...
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- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Australian Coal Association
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- The University of Queensland
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Planning Commission, India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- PTC India Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
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