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Friday, 20 May 16
SHIPBUILDING CONTRACTS: CAN I CANCEL? SHOULD I CANCEL? - THE SHIPOWNER CLUB
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
There are many circumstances in which a buyer of a new-build vessel might want to terminate or cancel their contract with the yard. Perhaps the building work has been delayed. Maybe the market has dropped and the deal which looked like a good one a couple of years ago, when the contract was signed, no longer looks so favourable. Maybe the yard’s performance is lacking and another instalment is about to fall due, which means the buyer will have to decide between paying up and hoping the problems can be put right, or terminating and attempting to recover instalments that have already been paid.
Cancelling contracts isn’t straightforward; there are many traps for the unwary buyer who attempts to bring the contract to an end. If you get it wrong, you might lose the instalments you have already paid or you might face a claim from the yard for damages. Even if you get it right, you might find yourself having to deal with expensive and long running court or arbitration proceedings. This article aims to help you understand some of the pitfalls which face buyers who want to cancel shipbuilding contracts.
Termination, cancellation and rescission – what’s the difference?
Termination
‘Termination’ is a common law right. If a party breaches a condition of a contract or unequivocally communicates (by words or conduct) an intention not to perform, this is called a repudiatory breach. The innocent party can accept the repudiatory breach as terminating the contract and can claim damages. They also have the option of affirming the contract and continuing to perform, provided they have a legitimate interest in doing so.
But watch out! A condition is an important contractual term. If a party breaches a warranty – a less important term and not to be confused with the yard’s warranties regarding the quality of the build – the innocent party can only claim damages. They do not have the right to terminate. If the breach is of an innominate term (neither a condition nor a warranty) then the innocent party can claim damages but may only terminate if the breach goes to the root of the contract.
The contract may also explicitly allow a party to terminate in certain situations.
Cancellation
‘Cancellation’ is a contractual right. The contract may provide that a party may cancel in certain situations which means they can bring the contract to an end. The contract might also set out the consequences of that cancellation.
Rescission
Most standard-form shipbuilding contracts give both parties the right to ‘rescind’ in certain circumstances. Rescind means to bring the contract to an end and revert the parties back to the position they were in before the contract was signed. For example, a shipbuilding contract might provide that if the yard exceed their permissible and non-permissible delays to the delivery date, you can rescind the contract and you will therefore be put back in your original position by the yard, who will refund the installments you have already paid or allow you to claim under the refund guarantees.
Can I rescind?
Many shipbuilding contracts define a number of events which entitle the buyer to rescind. The most common are:
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Delays in delivery beyond a certain number of permissible and/or non permissible delays.
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Failure of the vessel to meet the technical requirements of the contract.
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Insolvency of the yard.
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Total loss of the vessel before delivery.
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Failure to meet certain milestones.
But watch out! If you wish to terminate for the yard’s repudiatory breach, you must be confident that you can prove the yard has breached a condition or has indicated an intention not to perform. This is not always obvious. You also need to be very careful and strictly follow any procedure for rescission or cancellation. If you get it wrong (because, for example, the contract says that you must give ten working days written notice sent by courier to a particular address, and you give five days’ notice and send it by fax), you might find that the yard terminates the contract for your repudiatory breach and brings a damages claim against you!
What are the consequences of rescinding the contract?
Often, shipbuilding contracts provide that if the buyer rescinds, the yard must refund their instalments ‘promptly’ or otherwise start arbitration to suspend that obligation until an award has been published. Once the refund is made, all of the parties’ obligations to each other under the contract come to an end. If the refund is not paid and the yard does not start arbitration, the buyer can claim from the yard’s bank under the refund guarantees.
Can I claim under the refund guarantee?
There are two broad types of guarantee. Under an ‘on demand’ guarantee, the guarantor is the primary debtor and payment is made against a written demand by the buyer certifying that they are entitled to a refund. Provided the documents are in order and the demand is made in good faith, the bank must pay. Under a ‘performance’ or ‘see to it’ guarantee however, the guarantor’s liability is secondary. This means that you must first prove that the yard is liable under the shipbuilding contract before you can claim from the bank.
But watch out! Refund guarantees will not always respond to every event by which the contract is brought to an end. For example, if the refund guarantees require a valid rescission under a particular provision of the contract that does not necessarily mean that the bank must pay if you terminate for the yard’s unrelated repudiatory breach. If you can’t claim under the refund guarantees, think carefully about how you will enforce your claim against the yard.
Can I recover other losses?
Even if you get your instalments back, you might have also suffered other losses such as expenditure thrown away as a consequence of the ending of the project (called ‘reliance loss’) or, if you need to find an alternative vessel and the market has risen, the difference between the contract price and the market price of an equivalent newbuilding (called ‘loss of bargain’).
But watch out! It is usual for shipbuilding contracts to exclude such losses and limit the yard’s obligation to repayment of the pre-delivery instalments plus interest. It is possible to terminate for the yard’s repudiatory breach and claim damages as well as exercising your contractual right to rescind and claim repayment of your instalments of the contract price. This was decided by the Court of Appeal in Stocznia Gdynia S.A. v. Gearbulk Holdings Ltd (2009). However, this decision has been criticised and the relationship between contractual and common law rights is a complicated and developing one.
Should I rescind or terminate?
Ultimately, the decision to bring the contract to an end is the nuclear option. As well as irreparably damaging your commercial relationship with the yard, you might find yourself on the receiving end of expensive litigation if you get it wrong, and sometimes even if you get it right. As well as working out whether a right to rescind or terminate has arisen, you also need to consider carefully whether you can claim under the refund guarantees to recover your instalments and whether you can obtain the evidence needed to prove your other losses. For example, you might need expert evidence on market prices if you want to claim for loss of bargain.
Sometimes, terminating a contract is the best, or only, option. However, the law of shipbuilding is complex and fraught with ambiguities and the sums at stake are often large. Ending the contract is a drastic step and good legal advice is essential before you make the decision to terminate or rescind.
Source: The Shipowner Club (By Helen McCormick, Associate Director, CTRL Marine Solutions Ltd) | Hellenic Shipping News
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Wednesday, 08 June 16
THE DRY BULK MARKET KEPT MOVING SIDEWAYS LAST WEEK; SECOND HAND PURCHASES MOVING NORTH - INTERMODAL
Once again its Posidonia time and the biannual exhibition takes place during a very warm June here in Athens, as if the performance of the dry bulk ...
Tuesday, 07 June 16
CS COAL INDEX ROSE FOR SECOND STRAIGHT WEEK
COALspot.com: Average 5000 GAR coal index of Indonesian origin was up 0.38 percent week over week to averaging $39.16 per ton this past week, shows ...
Monday, 06 June 16
BDI GAINED ON A STRONGER DEMAND FOR CAPESIZE SHIPS
COALspot.com: The Baltic Exchange, tracking rates for ships carrying dry bulk commodities rose this past week on a stronger demand for Capesize ves ...
Friday, 03 June 16
DRY BULK VESSEL DELIVERIES COULD BE LESS THAN 50 MILLION DWT IN 2016, AS OWNERS DELAY OR CANCEL NEWBUILDING ORDERS
The dry bulk market has been caught between a rock and a hard place over the course of the past couple of years, as on one hand demand has plunged, ...
Friday, 03 June 16
U.S WEEKLY COAL PRODUCTION SLIDES 1.3% - EIA
COALspot.com – U.S the world’s second largest coal producer has produced approximately totaled an estimated 11.5 million short tons (mm ...
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- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
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- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
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- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
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- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
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- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
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- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
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- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
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- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Australian Coal Association
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
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- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
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- Economic Council, Georgia
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- Thai Mozambique Logistica
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- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- GMR Energy Limited - India
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- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
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- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
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- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
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- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
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- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
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- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
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- The Treasury - Australian Government
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- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
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- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
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- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
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- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
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- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
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- MS Steel International - UAE
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
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- ICICI Bank Limited - India
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- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
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