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Monday, 29 February 16
LOSS OF EARNINGS IN THE WAKE OF A COLLISION - GARD
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
A shipowner’s loss of earnings can form a significant part of a collision claim. Awareness of the ways of calculating loss of earnings claims can be useful in both presenting and challenging this type of claim. This Gard Insight looks at some general principles and methods applied by the courts.
A recent Gard example
A product tanker was hit by a bulker while at berth. Although the extent of the physical repairs – and therefore the repair costs – were relatively limited, the damaged tanks required stainless steel plates which had to be specially ordered. Long lead times led to a significant loss of earnings. As owners were able to document this loss with care and precision, leaving little room for doubt, the case against the owners of the bulker was settled quickly and amicably.
Basic principles
A claimant not only has the burden of proving that it has lost earnings as a result of the collision but also that it has suffered an actual loss. The fact that a ship has been unable to trade due to repairs being carried out is generally not enough, though it raises an obvious presumption that the shipowner has indeed suffered some sort of loss.
In the majority of jurisdictions, the principle of restitutio in integrum governs the measure of damages. This means that a shipowner who suffers a loss of earnings due to the negligence of another party will be put back into the position it would have been but for the negligence. Therefore, the shipowner must prove what the ship would have earned had the collision not occurred. This means that if the repairs are performed during a pre-arranged dry-docking period for example – there will be no loss.
The methods used to prove the loss depend on the facts of each case and one approach is not necessarily better than another. The optimal way is largely dependent on the trade patterns of the ship at the relevant time.
Ships on time charter
If a ship is damaged in a collision it will usually go off-hire until it has been repaired and able to function again under the terms of the charterparty. The shipowner can rely on specific off-hire statements and invoices from charterers. The loss will consist of:
- a fixed amount per day for the total time the ship is off-hire
- the bunkers consumed during the off-hire period, and
- any additional charges the time charterer may have incurred.
If the time charter has been justifiably cancelled as a result of the unavailability of the ship, the loss of earnings from that point onwards will be the difference between what the ship would have earned under the cancelled charter and what was actually earned during the same period.
Ships trading on the spot market
For a ship trading on the spot market, the approach is more flexible to calculate its loss of earnings. The starting point will be the total number of days the ship is unable to trade due to repairs, including removal time to the shipyard. However, losses may extend beyond the actual repair period, especially when the market has fallen in the meantime. If a shipowner can prove that it lost an actual fixture on the spot market due to a collision and necessary repairs, the potential net income from that fixture will be compared with the ship’s actual net income until the date the lost fixture would have ended. This is known in some jurisdictions as the time equalisation method, most recently approved in the English case of THE ASTIPALAIA [2014] EWHC 120.
For situations where a ship trading on the spot market is not fixed for her next voyage, the way to calculate the loss will depend on whether the ship was operating in an established or specialist trade.
For established trades such as the VLCC trade, fixture data is readily available throughout the year. It is a relatively simple exercise for a broker to work out what a VLCC would have earned at the relevant World Scale rates for a given period. Provided the ship would have obtained employment with a reasonable degree of certainty, the estimated charter earnings will be compared with the ship’s actual earnings for the period using the time equalisation method.
For specialised trades and trading patterns with little continuity, market data will be less readily available and reliable, so the loss of earnings calculation in each case will be more fact specific. In these cases, the best approach may be to present the average time charter equivalent earnings of the ship for a limited period around the time of collision, e.g. the casualty voyage and the voyages preceding and following the casualty. For some trades, it may be relevant to present income statements for even longer periods, however, the more remote the evidence, the more difficult it will be to prove that the figures are a true representation of the loss.
In the Norwegian collision case of Rana Frakt v ROBAS (LG-2013-173128) one party based its loss of earnings on two annual audited income statements, however the Court of Appeal made a discretionary reduction of about 33 per cent due to the lack of evidence relating to tangible fixtures the ship would have been engaged in during the period of repairs. That said, the mere fact that the loss of earnings cannot be quantified exactly will not be fatal to a claim.
FFO claims
Loss of earnings claims can arise in other contexts, e.g. where a ship damages a quay or shore based crane and renders part of a terminal unusable. The underlying assumptions and calculations involved can be complex and the appointment of a forensic accountant with knowledge of the local accountancy rules and tax law may very well be necessary in order to properly defend a shipowner’s position.
Checklist
Whether claiming or challenging loss of earnings claims, the following should be submitted:
Evidence of the total period claimed for, such as:
– Master’s statement of facts
– copies of the deck log
– the off-hire statements from charterers.
A summary of the daily net loss of earnings for the total period and the underlying documentation relied upon, such as:
– the charterparty and recap
– the off-hire invoice
– a statement from a broker of potential earnings or income statements where a time charter equivalent rate per day is arrived at.
Evidence of any mitigation, e.g. that the claimant:
– has chosen the quickest and most reasonable repair option, or
– has used other ships in its fleet to perform the contractual obligations of the damaged ship.
Evidence of the average utilisation of the ship. For ships actively trading only 80 per cent of the time, it is clearly unreasonable to claim a loss equating to 100 per cent utilisation during the period of repairs.
Final note
It is well worth spending time and effort in presenting loss of earnings claims in a clear and unambiguous manner, so that both parties understand the figures presented and the assumptions behind them. This can help achieve a quick settlement in a collision dispute.
Source: GARD
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- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
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- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
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- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
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- Planning Commission, India
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- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
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- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
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- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
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- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
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- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
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- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
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- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
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- VISA Power Limited - India
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- Thai Mozambique Logistica
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- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
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- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- The University of Queensland
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
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- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
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- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
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- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
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- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
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- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
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- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
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- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
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- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
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- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Parliament of New Zealand
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
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