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Tuesday, 16 June 15
MERS: POTENTIAL CHARTERPARTY IMPLICATIONS - CLYDE & CO
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
South Korea's current outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) has been the focus of much international attention. The local impact of the outbreak has been severe, leading to nearly 3,000 schools being closed and over 5,500 people being quarantined as a result of possible contact with infected persons. The virus has so far infected over 150 people in the country and the World Health Organization (WHO) anticipates that cases will continue to surface despite indications that the outbreak is now being brought under control. Whilst public health experts do not anticipate any form of worldwide pandemic to result from the situation in South Korea, it is feared that there is scope for a regular pattern of MERS outbreaks to occur over the coming years.
The Potential Legal Impact of MERS on Charterparties
With cruise ships having cancelled calls to South Korean ports and confirmed cases of MERS in the port of Pyeongtaek, the outbreak may understandably give rise to concerns on the part of shipowners whose vessels are due to call in South Korea or the charterers of such vessels. Whether the outbreak will have legal implications on a charterparty will very much depend on the wording of the charterparty in question; standard form charterparties are unlikely to include wording dealing with outbreaks of infectious/contagious disease.
Safe Port Warranties
Shipowners are obliged to follow charterers' legitimate orders unless to do so would expose the crew to unacceptable risk. Whilst charterers under a time charter are obliged to nominate safe ports, in the absence of specific wording it is unlikely that an outbreak of MERS will render a port unsafe.
Even if an outbreak of disease is in the port city itself, as in Pyeongtaek, the port may remain safe as long as there are appropriate protective measures in place. As such, there is significant risk involved in an owner refusing an order to a port on the basis of unsafety owing to disease risk, since to do so wrongly would amount to breach of the charter for failure to follow a legitimate order.
If the facts are such that there is a significant risk to the health of the crew, then charterers may be asked to nominate an alternative port, but this may have knock-on consequences particularly if there are bills of lading issued. The best approach for owners will be to keep in close contact with their P&I Club who will be able to give timely and appropriate guidance as the situation develops.
Where a vessel is subject to a voyage charter, the prospective safety of a port is also an issue and the arguments are similar to those detailed above; as with time charters, it is likely to be difficult to demonstrate that a South Korean port is unsafe on account of MERS.
Quarantine and Deviation
In the event that a time-chartered vessel becomes subject to quarantine delays or is forced to deviate to land an ill crew member, the hire/off-hire provisions may result in the vessel being placed off-hire. The specific charterparty wording would need to be carefully considered to assess whether this might be the case.
Similar concerns also arise in relation to voyage charters. Shipowners may deviate for the safety of the crew but in such a scenario no additional freight will become payable, so such deviation is at their own expense. A defence of 'reasonable deviation' may come into play where the Hague or Hague-Visby Rules apply. In terms of quarantine, the usual position is that time spent/lost at the time of charterers' orders will count as laytime/demurrage, although this too will depend on the charterparty terms agreed.
Free Pratique
In order to commence laytime, a vessel requires free pratique clearance. Absent wording to the contrary in the charterparty, the usual position is that a master can give a valid notice of readiness (NOR) without first having all the customs documents and obtaining free pratique, provided that he has no reason to suppose that being document ready is anything other than a mere formality.
However, if the vessel has recently called to a port in an infected area, then the mere formality test may not assist, since the vessel is likely to be subject to quarantine delays while the health of the crew is ascertained. In such a scenario, unless a charterparty provision states otherwise, owners bear the risk of the delay, since they would be unable to give a valid NOR to start laytime running until free pratique clearance is obtained.
Force majeure
If the charterparty in question contains a force majeure clause, the question may also arise whether the MERS outbreak fulfils the requirements of a force majeure scenario. A typical clause of this type suspends and/or terminates performance of the charterparty on the occurrence of an extraordinary event, which is beyond the parties’ control and which impacts the ability of one or both of the parties to fulfil their contractual commitments. As such, force majeure is usually a high evidential hurdle to clear.
Whilst the WHO has described the MERS outbreak as 'large and complex', the organisation has not issued a travel ban relating to South Korea and although Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan have advised against travelling to the country, their notices amounted to recommendations rather than official travel alerts. If the MERS outbreak becomes more widespread and/or travel bans are put in place, the possibility of the situation amounting to a force majeure event may strengthen, however, at present, the scope for force majeure appears limited, unless the wording of a particular clause is quite broadly drafted.
Comment
The South Korean government is working alongside the WHO to bring the current MERS outbreak under control, however as with any outbreak of infectious/contagious disease, the situation may raise concerns for shipowners and charterers who are aware of the potential disruption such incidents can cause.
Parties may wish to consider managing the risk associated with such outbreaks by inserting contagious/infectious disease clauses into prospective charterparties, thus avoiding the ambiguity which can arise in this area.
By Ik Wei Chong, Bethan Bradley and Aislinn Fawcett
About Clyde & Co
Clyde & Co is a dynamic, rapidly expanding global law firm focused on providing a complete legal service to clients in our core sectors.
Clyde & Co advises businesses that are at the heart of worldwide commerce and trade.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
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Thursday, 18 June 15
MERCATOR'S KAMSARMAX FIXED WITH CLEARLAKE
COALspot.com: Mercator Lines (Singapore) Limited, a leading Indian-owned international dry bulk shipping company focused on markets such as India, ...
Wednesday, 17 June 15
PANAMAX RATE AVERAGED $22.82 PMT IN THE FIRST 10 DAYS OF JUNE FOR THE GRAIN ROUTE FROM SANTOS, BRAZIL, TO QINGDAO, CHINA - INTERMODAL
This year, Brazil will be exporting a record 96 million tons of soybean crop and starting in August the country will begin shipping a second corn c ...
Tuesday, 16 June 15
Q3 FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP PRICE DOWN 50 CENTS OVER PAST WEEK
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swap for delivery Q3 2015 gains month on month but declined week over week, this past week.
The Q3 swap was clim ...
Tuesday, 16 June 15
FOB RICHARDS BAY COAL SWAPS: PRICES MOVED UP ON THE WEEK
COALspot.com: API4 FOB Richards Bay Coal swap for delivery Q3' 2015 rose month over month and week over week.
The Q3 swap was up US$ 1.70 ...
Monday, 15 June 15
API 5 FOB NEWCASTLE COAL SWAP: Q1'16 DELIVERY CLOSED 1.14% LOWER THAN Q4'15 DELIVERY PRICE
COALspot.com: API 5 FOB Newcastle Coal swap for Q3’ 2015 delivery up $ 1.10 per MT (2.47%) month over month to US$ 45.67 per mt. The swap ...
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- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- PTC India Limited - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Australian Coal Association
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
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