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Tuesday, 16 June 15
MERS: POTENTIAL CHARTERPARTY IMPLICATIONS - CLYDE & CO
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
South Korea's current outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) has been the focus of much international attention. The local impact of the outbreak has been severe, leading to nearly 3,000 schools being closed and over 5,500 people being quarantined as a result of possible contact with infected persons. The virus has so far infected over 150 people in the country and the World Health Organization (WHO) anticipates that cases will continue to surface despite indications that the outbreak is now being brought under control. Whilst public health experts do not anticipate any form of worldwide pandemic to result from the situation in South Korea, it is feared that there is scope for a regular pattern of MERS outbreaks to occur over the coming years.
The Potential Legal Impact of MERS on Charterparties
With cruise ships having cancelled calls to South Korean ports and confirmed cases of MERS in the port of Pyeongtaek, the outbreak may understandably give rise to concerns on the part of shipowners whose vessels are due to call in South Korea or the charterers of such vessels. Whether the outbreak will have legal implications on a charterparty will very much depend on the wording of the charterparty in question; standard form charterparties are unlikely to include wording dealing with outbreaks of infectious/contagious disease.
Safe Port Warranties
Shipowners are obliged to follow charterers' legitimate orders unless to do so would expose the crew to unacceptable risk. Whilst charterers under a time charter are obliged to nominate safe ports, in the absence of specific wording it is unlikely that an outbreak of MERS will render a port unsafe.
Even if an outbreak of disease is in the port city itself, as in Pyeongtaek, the port may remain safe as long as there are appropriate protective measures in place. As such, there is significant risk involved in an owner refusing an order to a port on the basis of unsafety owing to disease risk, since to do so wrongly would amount to breach of the charter for failure to follow a legitimate order.
If the facts are such that there is a significant risk to the health of the crew, then charterers may be asked to nominate an alternative port, but this may have knock-on consequences particularly if there are bills of lading issued. The best approach for owners will be to keep in close contact with their P&I Club who will be able to give timely and appropriate guidance as the situation develops.
Where a vessel is subject to a voyage charter, the prospective safety of a port is also an issue and the arguments are similar to those detailed above; as with time charters, it is likely to be difficult to demonstrate that a South Korean port is unsafe on account of MERS.
Quarantine and Deviation
In the event that a time-chartered vessel becomes subject to quarantine delays or is forced to deviate to land an ill crew member, the hire/off-hire provisions may result in the vessel being placed off-hire. The specific charterparty wording would need to be carefully considered to assess whether this might be the case.
Similar concerns also arise in relation to voyage charters. Shipowners may deviate for the safety of the crew but in such a scenario no additional freight will become payable, so such deviation is at their own expense. A defence of 'reasonable deviation' may come into play where the Hague or Hague-Visby Rules apply. In terms of quarantine, the usual position is that time spent/lost at the time of charterers' orders will count as laytime/demurrage, although this too will depend on the charterparty terms agreed.
Free Pratique
In order to commence laytime, a vessel requires free pratique clearance. Absent wording to the contrary in the charterparty, the usual position is that a master can give a valid notice of readiness (NOR) without first having all the customs documents and obtaining free pratique, provided that he has no reason to suppose that being document ready is anything other than a mere formality.
However, if the vessel has recently called to a port in an infected area, then the mere formality test may not assist, since the vessel is likely to be subject to quarantine delays while the health of the crew is ascertained. In such a scenario, unless a charterparty provision states otherwise, owners bear the risk of the delay, since they would be unable to give a valid NOR to start laytime running until free pratique clearance is obtained.
Force majeure
If the charterparty in question contains a force majeure clause, the question may also arise whether the MERS outbreak fulfils the requirements of a force majeure scenario. A typical clause of this type suspends and/or terminates performance of the charterparty on the occurrence of an extraordinary event, which is beyond the parties’ control and which impacts the ability of one or both of the parties to fulfil their contractual commitments. As such, force majeure is usually a high evidential hurdle to clear.
Whilst the WHO has described the MERS outbreak as 'large and complex', the organisation has not issued a travel ban relating to South Korea and although Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan have advised against travelling to the country, their notices amounted to recommendations rather than official travel alerts. If the MERS outbreak becomes more widespread and/or travel bans are put in place, the possibility of the situation amounting to a force majeure event may strengthen, however, at present, the scope for force majeure appears limited, unless the wording of a particular clause is quite broadly drafted.
Comment
The South Korean government is working alongside the WHO to bring the current MERS outbreak under control, however as with any outbreak of infectious/contagious disease, the situation may raise concerns for shipowners and charterers who are aware of the potential disruption such incidents can cause.
Parties may wish to consider managing the risk associated with such outbreaks by inserting contagious/infectious disease clauses into prospective charterparties, thus avoiding the ambiguity which can arise in this area.
By Ik Wei Chong, Bethan Bradley and Aislinn Fawcett
About Clyde & Co
Clyde & Co is a dynamic, rapidly expanding global law firm focused on providing a complete legal service to clients in our core sectors.
Clyde & Co advises businesses that are at the heart of worldwide commerce and trade.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
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Thursday, 18 June 15
MERCATOR'S KAMSARMAX FIXED WITH CLEARLAKE
COALspot.com: Mercator Lines (Singapore) Limited, a leading Indian-owned international dry bulk shipping company focused on markets such as India, ...
Wednesday, 17 June 15
PANAMAX RATE AVERAGED $22.82 PMT IN THE FIRST 10 DAYS OF JUNE FOR THE GRAIN ROUTE FROM SANTOS, BRAZIL, TO QINGDAO, CHINA - INTERMODAL
This year, Brazil will be exporting a record 96 million tons of soybean crop and starting in August the country will begin shipping a second corn c ...
Tuesday, 16 June 15
Q3 FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP PRICE DOWN 50 CENTS OVER PAST WEEK
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swap for delivery Q3 2015 gains month on month but declined week over week, this past week.
The Q3 swap was clim ...
Tuesday, 16 June 15
FOB RICHARDS BAY COAL SWAPS: PRICES MOVED UP ON THE WEEK
COALspot.com: API4 FOB Richards Bay Coal swap for delivery Q3' 2015 rose month over month and week over week.
The Q3 swap was up US$ 1.70 ...
Monday, 15 June 15
API 5 FOB NEWCASTLE COAL SWAP: Q1'16 DELIVERY CLOSED 1.14% LOWER THAN Q4'15 DELIVERY PRICE
COALspot.com: API 5 FOB Newcastle Coal swap for Q3’ 2015 delivery up $ 1.10 per MT (2.47%) month over month to US$ 45.67 per mt. The swap ...
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- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- White Energy Company Limited
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Australian Coal Association
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Planning Commission, India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- PTC India Limited - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Minerals Council of Australia
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