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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Wednesday, 26 March 14
LARGE AMOUNT OF VESSELS CHARTERED TO HAUL IRON ORE CARGOES TO CHINESE BUYERS THIS WEEK - COMMODORE RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
COALspot.com: Through the first three days of this week, 18 dry bulk vessels have been chartered to haul spot iron ore cargoes to Chinese buyers ...
Wednesday, 26 March 14
JOIN IN THE CLEAN COAL CASE STUDY WITH SINOPEC!
Produced by CDMC Events, The 13th Clean Coal Forum 2014 will be held on June 12,13, 2014 in Beijing, China. We are glad to invite Experts ...
Tuesday, 25 March 14
INDONESIAN SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL SWAP FOR Q2 DELIVERY CLOSED $ 57.40 PMT W/E 21 MARCH 2014
COALspot.com – Indonesia, the world’s largest exporter of the thermal coal's swaps for delivery April - June 2014 gained this pa ...
Tuesday, 25 March 14
NEWCASTLE COAL EXPORTS JUMP 29.16% TO 2.79 MMT WEEK ON WEEK
COALspot.com: In the week ended 24 March 2014, power plant and semi-soft coking coal shipments from the port of Newcastle in Queensland, total 2.79 ...
Monday, 24 March 14
SGX'S Q2'14 CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP CLOSES SLIGHTLY HIGHER W-O-W
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swaps for average Q2 14 deliveries lost 1.81 percent month on month and closed at US$ 74.82 per mt as o ...
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- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- PTC India Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Australian Coal Association
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Parliament of New Zealand
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- White Energy Company Limited
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- The University of Queensland
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
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