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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Friday, 25 April 14
2ND MYANMAR ELECTRIC POWER CONVENTION 2014 IS THE GATEWAY TO MYANMAR POWER INDUSTRY!
Press Release: 2nd Myanmar Electric Power Convention (MEPC) 2014 is scheduled on 21-23 October, 2014 at Traders Hotel in Yangon, Myanmar. MEPC o ...
Friday, 25 April 14
DRY BULK MARKET LOOKING FOR NEW TRACTION - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market seems to have gained its footing after the past few dissapointing weeks, during which the Baltic Dry Index (BDI) shedded mos ...
Thursday, 24 April 14
HANDY : A FLOW OF FRESH REQUIREMENTS LIFTING THE PACIFIC SLOWLY TO US$ 10-11 K BSS SINGAPORE FOR COAL ROUNDS
Handy
There is still no place to hide in the Atlantic for the smaller but flexible sizes. Slow and weak seems to be the headlines, although th ...
Wednesday, 23 April 14
EUROPE WOULD BE HARD PRESSED TO REPLACE RUSSIAN GAS, FITCH RATINGS SAYS
A ban on Russian gas imports to the EU would cause substantial disruption to Europe's economy and industry, Fitch Ratings says. In the immed ...
Wednesday, 23 April 14
KOMIPO INVITES BIDS FOR LOW VOLATILE BITUMINOUS COAL
COALspot.com : Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd. has invited bids through International open bidding for 90,000 Metric Tons (MT) of low volatile bit ...
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- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- The University of Queensland
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Australian Coal Association
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- White Energy Company Limited
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Planning Commission, India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
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