We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Monday, 30 June 14
INDO - INDIA FREIGHT RATES CONTINUE TO WEAK
COALspot.com: The latest dry Index shows that average all-in spot freight declined, the Panamax and Supramax slipping by 9.11 percent and 4% respec ...
Friday, 27 June 14
DRY BULK MARKET STILL LOOKING FOR UPSIDE - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market has kept up its lacklustre performance during the past week, as evidenced by the course of the Baltic Dry Index (BDI). The BDI ...
Thursday, 26 June 14
PANAMAX : A PACIFIC ROUND PAYS AROUND US$ 3K DAILY - FEARNLEYS AS
Handy
In the Atlantic there has been little activity which again has caused rates to slip across all trades. TA´s are now down to US$ 5,500 ...
Thursday, 26 June 14
KOMIPO INVITES BIDS FOR TOTAL 750K MT OF BITUMINOUS COAL FOR 3CY
COALspot.com: South Korean state-owned utility Korea Midland Power (KOMIPO) has issued a new tender for supply of total 250,000 MT of bituminous co ...
Thursday, 26 June 14
COAL DIVESTMENT CAMPAIGNS COME WITH RISKY UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES - WCA
Last week I presented to the Expert Group on investments in coal and petroleum companies, the body set up to advise the Norwegian Government on whe ...
|
|
|
Showing 3636 to 3640 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Economic Council, Georgia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Minerals Council of Australia
- PTC India Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Australian Coal Association
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Planning Commission, India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- The University of Queensland
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- White Energy Company Limited
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
|
| |
| |
|
