We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Wednesday, 16 July 14
INDIA BUDGET HAS LIMITED SHORT TERM IMPACT ON POWER SECTOR - FITCH RATINGS
Fitch Ratings says that the measures announced relating to India's electricity sector in the budget for FY2015 are directionally correct but in ...
Wednesday, 16 July 14
WEEKLY SHIPPING MARKET INSIGHT - INTERMODAL
Wake me up when September ends - Theodore Ntalakos
Since last September most thought that the worst was behind us. It looks like the market de ...
Tuesday, 15 July 14
INDONESIA'S TOTAL COAL PRODUCTION REACHED ANOTHER HIGH DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS; GOVERNMENT EXPECTED TO RAISE ROYALTIES
COALspot.com: Indonesia's total coal production reached 213 million tons during January through June, up by 7.6 percent y-o-y. Coal output in I ...
Monday, 14 July 14
SGX SUB-BIT FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP FOR Q4' 14 DELIVERY CLOSED AT $ 54.80
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for average Q3’ 2014 lost on day, week and on month according to AsiaClear OTC coal swap's reports re ...
Monday, 14 July 14
SGX CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP FOR Q3' 14 LOST 17.29% SINCE EARLY JANUARY 2014
COALspot.com: Coal price falling is continues as the impact oversupply and lower demand. API 8 CFR South China Coal swap for delivery in Q3 drops U ...
|
|
|
Showing 3601 to 3605 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Australian Coal Association
- PTC India Limited - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
|
| |
| |
|
