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Saturday, 08 March 14
LETTERS OF INDEMNITY - SKULD
KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
In today's trading market, owners are frequently requested to accept a letter of indemnity (LOI) in exchange for complying with charterers' or shipper's request to take on risks which can fall outside the contractual demands normally placed on a carrier. These can also fall outside the scope of standard insurance coverage, and hence deserve careful attention.
Key points of advice
- Taking a LOI against a request may create obligations outside of the basic contractual agreement;
- These may impact on standard insurance coverage;
- Careful consideration needs to be had of the nature and terms of the request;
-nature and terms of the request
-terms of the LOI
-party making the request
-authority of the signor of the LOI
-enforceability of the LOI
It is best to address these issues, if foreseeable, at the outset of the fixture, with suitable charter terms and LOI templates included as addenda to the charterparty
Owner's obligations
Owners' basic obligations are very closely connected with the three functions of a negotiable Bill of Lading (B/L), in particular as a:
- Receipt of the goods, which operates as prima facie evidence of the goods' quality and condition
- Evidence of / being the contract of carriage, which gives to the parties of the sales transaction rights against the carrier in regard to the safe carriage of the goods and their delivery at destination
- Document of title which is subject to transfer and endorsement and gives a right to demand delivery
Market practice
The owner's obligations are set down in law, and are also the basis for the insurance coverage for cargo claims, yet in practice parties may seek to adopt alternative practices that aim to address commercial considerations that arise from time to time.
The most common way of dealing with traders' requests outside the contractual obligations are closely related to the use of letters of indemnity (LOIs). These should contain, effectively, a straight forward promise: if you do what I ask, I will make sure that you do not suffer any loss.
Main types of LOI situations
Broadly speaking, LOIs can be distinguished between those related to shipment and those related to discharge.
Shipment LOIs
In general terms, LOIs requested upon shipment are closely connected with a request to the Master to issue a B/L that contains a representation, which was made knowingly or without belief in its accuracy, about matters such as the nature, condition or quantity of the cargo – BUT which are not correct.
For example, B/Ls with an incorrect description of goods (quality and / or quantity), a failure to mention defective packaging or incorrect dates of shipment (Antedated or Postdated B/Ls).
Discharge LOIs
On the other hand, LOIs at discharge are usually related with a request to the Master to deliver the goods in good faith without the production of the original Bs/L and/or at a port other than the one stated on the B/L.
Other LOI situations
There are, however, various other occasions where an LOI may be the only commercial way to deal with charterer's requests, which go beyond contractual and insurance limits.
For example there may be a request for co-mingling of liquid bulk cargoes or mixing of dry cargoes which obviously raise various problems in relation to the description of the "new" cargo and issuance of new set of B/Ls. There can also be incidents where an Owner needs to serve a request for issuing split B/Ls or substituting a B/L with an amended one and it may not always be possible to have the original returned before the new set is issued. Again on those occasions the pragmatic solution can be found in a provision of an LOI.
Considering a LOI request
When an LOI is to be accepted, special consideration should be given to the terms and the extent of liability in order to provide sufficient protection to the carrier. The reality is that many anticipated pitfalls can be forestalled through careful drafting of the LOI wording; thus reducing the risks involved.
The key features of the IG recommended wordings are the provisions for "indemnity for any liability, loss, damage to expense of whatever nature arising out of complying with the request" as well as the issuer's obligation to provide sufficient funds to defend any claim and arrange the placement of adequate security to any third party.
It is always best to consider such matters at the outset of a fixture, and to pre-arrange suitable contract terms and LOI templates rather than seek to agree these ad hoc, often under urgent time pressure.
Risks
It is indeed quite evident that acceptance of an LOI is not a risk free exercise. What it is important to keep in mind is that the security is only as good as the person granting it and hence it is important to carefully assess the financial standing of the issuer.
Moreover, the clubs will recommend that the guarantee should be countersigned by a first class bank in order to provide the carrier with a safety net when trying to enforce the LOI. The reality though is that the majority of the traders tend to resist such a request, and LOIs are often issued without such countersignature.
Furthermore, the scope of the indemnity needs to be kept as wide as possible and preferably not to include any time limit.
In a nutshell, what needs to be considered and carefully assessed when seeking to minimize the risks related to LOIs is the creditworthiness of the issuer, the authority of the person signing the LOI and at last but not least the prospects of enforceability.
A particular point to note is that for instance there is no reciprocal recognition between P.R. China and the United Kingdom of Court Judgments, but both nations apply the New York Convention on Arbitration Awards. Therefore care needs to be taken when considering the applicable law and jurisdiction of the LOI.
Authority to issue the letter of indemnity
In addition to carrying out a risk assessment exercise to ascertain the creditworthiness of the issuer before accepting an LOI, it is equally important to carefully scrutinize the original document and check the authority of the person signing it.
The LOI should be in a form of an original signed document on the issuer's headed notepaper (fax or e-mail may be sufficient) and should be signed by a clearly identified signatory accompanied by an express statement that he/she is authorized to sign on behalf of the issuer. Needless to say, the original LOI should be sent out to the owners as soon as possible.
In case of doubt or concern, a senior officer of the company, such as a director of the board, should be asked to either sign the LOI or delegate the authority to a designated person, backed by a clear board resolution given the authority.
Straight indemnity clauses
Most issues that arise when an actual LOI is to be provided can be sorted out at the outset by incorporating a "straight indemnity clause" in the charterparty.
Such a clause provides for charterers to indemnify owners where the cargo is discharged without production of the B/L or at a place other than the one stated in the B/L.
In practice such a clause can help to ensure fast resolution of requests, as no separate LOI wording needs to be negotiated or considered. Furthermore the basic law and jurisdiction provisions of the charterparty will apply, which again speeds up the process.
It is important, however, to ensure such clause retains discretion for the owners to refuse a request to deliver without the original bill and the indemnity included needs to be worded sufficiently widely. The former is important so that the owner can protect himself in case there are suspect circumstances at the delivery port.
Enforceability
The rule of thumb that one needs to bear in mind is that an LOI which is accepted in return of issuing a B/L which is not accurate, may be unenforceable as it has the effect of potentially prejudicing an innocent party. Indeed, under English law, it may actually be held to be a fraud on the 3rd party.
Nevertheless, enforceability will always depend on the jurisdiction which either is designated for the dispute resolution, or which is seized of the matter.
The ethical dilemma is that both the carrier and the charterer are parties to the same situation and LOI device, and if the carrier is not permitted to eventually invoke the LOI against the charterer because of the perceived "fraud", the charterers is thus indirectly permitted to benefit from the situation. The concern for a court, however, would typically be the innocent 3rd party that may have been disadvantaged, and both owner and charterer will be taken to have taken a calculated commercial risk and will have to take on board the consequences.
A LOI may be enforceable, however, if there is a genuine doubt about the underlying situation such as whether or not the cargo is damaged when loaded onto the vessel, or the precise quantity laden. Also, a LOI for delivery without production of original B/L and/or change of destination should be to be enforceable, if the owner can show he had no reason to suspect that there was any underlying foul play involved, and it was just – ostensibly – a genuine matter undertaken for commercial convenience.
Duration of the LOI
As far as the duration of an LOI is concerned, it is obvious that there are indeed conflicting interests between owners and the LOI issuer.
The usual time limit under English law for a contractual claim is six years while the time bar limit for claims against the carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules is one year from the date of delivery or the date when the cargo should have been delivered.
The owner is obviously better protected if the LOI is either without a time limit or it is clearly stipulated therein that the LOI will expire after seven years.
The relevant provisions included in the IG LOI wordings provide that liability is to be terminated only when the original B/L is delivered to the carrier, if not, liability continues.
P&I considerations
As within the frame of todays' demanding market there is a wide recognition of the commercial pressure faced by carriers. Nevertheless, it is common ground between all P&I clubs that the principle of mutuality needs to be maintained and hence all members must comply with the Rules.
A LOI is an alternative to P&I cover as it applies to situations where the carrier needs to operate outside the scope of the rules. However, the clubs are always willing to offer assistance with the drafting of LOIs for non-production of B/L or change of destination as well as to discuss any other issue related to a situation where a request for an LOI is to be considered.
The association invites all members to consult the individual claims handlers whenever an LOI related issue comes up for discussion within the scope of their vessel's trading operation.
Source: Skuld / Hellenic Shipping
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Monday, 31 March 14
CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP FOR Q2 14 DELIVERY LOST 1.17% M-O-M
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swaps for average Q2 14 deliveries lost 1.17 percent month on month and closed at US$ 75.38 per m ...
Sunday, 30 March 14
FREIGHTS FROM INDONESIA TO INDIA IS EXPECTED TO BE SOFT NEXT WEEK - REDDY
COALspot.com: The freight market dropped drastically and all sectors were affected severely.
The BDI was down by 14.13 pct and closed at 1, ...
Friday, 28 March 14
US PRODUCED APPROXIMATELY 18.9 MMST IN A WEEK - EIA
COALspot.com – United States the world's second largest coal producer, produced approximately 18.9 million short tons (mmst) of coal i ...
Friday, 28 March 14
CHINA'S ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES WILL NOT CURB GROWTH IN DOMESTIC STEEL PRODUCTION AND SEABORNE IRON ORE - WOOD MACKENZIE SAYS
Steel plants in China have been targeted as a major source of the toxic smog enveloping Beijing and Shanghai. Emergency measures have been impos ...
Thursday, 27 March 14
PANAMAX : SEEMS TO HEAD FURTHER DOWN; CAPESIZE : ANOTHER CHOPPY AND UNPREDICTABLE WEEK - FEARNLEYS AS
Handy
A weaker sentiment for the smaller size as well, with reduced activity in the Atlantic where Owners have to face significantly lower ret ...
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Showing 3776 to 3780 news of total 6871 |
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- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Economic Council, Georgia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- PTC India Limited - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- The University of Queensland
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
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