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Sunday, 20 June 10
OUR COAL: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
 Indonesia’s production of coal has been growing amazingly. In the mid 1980s, national coal production was less than 1 million tons per annum, whereas energy planners (in the fourth Five Year Development Plan: 1989-1994) pointed at 10 million tons as the national production target.
The current production has jumped dramatically, recorded as 237 million tons in 2008 (predicted to achieve 270 million tons this year), making Indonesia a world class producer and the largest exporter of coal around the globe. The skyrocketing growth of our coal production has also incited many controversial issues.
Coal is considered as the dirtiest among fossil fuels, making environmentalists oppose their wide use
as fuel.
However, the proposal for ceasing use of coal — power generation, for instance — would be challenged by power utilities demanding low cost fuel that coal may offer and by the government, which has the responsibility to provide electricity as well as have revenue from exploiting its energy resources.
Despite the world’s rising anxiety of global warming, IEA (International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2009) statistics shows that the world consumption for coal, for the last decade, is still growing the fastest among primary energy sources.
The environmental problem associated with coal in Indonesia is not limited to green houses gases (GHG), but also damage and pollution since its exploitation, transportation and uses to post mining.
It is easy to find where many coal fields are not mined appropriately according to “good mining and environmental practices”, coal transportation is not considering safety standards and is damaging rivers, (public) roads and seashores.
The coal mining has polluted the land, water and air of especially Kalimantan, where more than 90 percent of Indonesia’s coal mining operations take place.
It is sad that many of the previous mining areas have been abandoned without being properly reclaimed, whereas thousands of hectares of the island’s tropical forests have been converted into desert.
The soaring exploitation, including its negative impact on the environment, has a strong correlation with the number of licensing/permits awarded.
The introduction of the 1999 Regional Autonomy Law, subsequently followed by the 1999 Fiscal Balancing Law between the Central and Regional Governments have — to some degree — impacted on the coal licensing regime, where larger authorities had been given to regional/local governments.
Under the new licensing regime by local governments, requirements for coal permits tend to be relaxed whereas monitoring has not been done properly.
As a result, the number of permits (Mining Authorization/KP) has been growing considerably (currently 462, of which 169 are producing), coal production increases, but also environmental problems and the issues of illegal mining exist.
The question of who really owns the KP licenses exists, which was defined as that it can be owned by Indonesian national/companies only.
While the largest part of coal in Indonesia are being produced by large companies (the holders of Coal Contract of Work/PKP2B), some coal is mined by small scale and illegal miners.
It is believed that a significant amount of coal has been produced by illegal miners (some 5 million tons annually) and part has gone to meet export demand.
Wherever in the world, illegal miners lack interest in responsible mining and mine rehabilitation practices. Illegal mining is a problem for potential investors, the environment and government revenues.
The government has introduced measures to crack down on problems, including arresting illegal miners.
However, it cannot be the only solution since illegal mining is actually rooted in underemployment, local poverty and weak law enforcement, while the number of people involved in these activities is quite significant.
An alternative to confrontation to illegal miners by the central government (who awards the large scale PKP2B mining license) should be a cooperative and more comprehensive approach.
“Despite the world’s anxiety of global warming, IEA statistics shows that the world consumption for coal is still growing the fastest among primary energy sources.”
Work together with local/rural governments and communities to reduce poverty, educate/assist the illegal miners to increase their awareness on good mining practices (including mine rehabilitation), provide transition period fiscal incentives to encourage illegal mining toward the regulated mining sector, among others.
It needs to maintain an appropriate balance between the soaring exports of coal (about three quarters of production on average) and the domestic growing demand for the same fuel.
Push for exports is still coming largely from the traditional East Asians (Japan is the largest), while the coal-hungry India and China are also increasing their demand for our coal.
The exports will be competed with by the Blue Print for Energy Management 2005-2025 pointing out that one third of Indonesia’s energy primary energy mix in 2025 is to be supplied by coal, (the current share is about 15 percent).
Even though it is often mentioned that our coal reserves are quite large (current proven reserves of 5.5 billion tons; estimated resources of 105 tones) and that our reserves for coal are much larger than that of oil and gas, we should watch their fast rate of exploitation cautiously.
It needs to recalculate the benefit of exploiting them, taking into account their damage to the environment and what is left post mining. Where have all the revenues from exploiting that coal gone? Is the escalating export not jeopardizing the domestic energy security in the near future?
We have ample experiences, for instance in exploiting the resources-rich Kalimantan. The forests, oil and gas reserves have been exploited for about four to five decades, but it seems that the island has not enjoyed the fruits of the excessive exploitation: the current regional economy remains weak, infrastructure is poor and energy supplies for local uses have not been secured.
It needs to promote the terms “resources balance, depletion, sustainability”, start internalizing the costs of environmental impact and enforce those concepts into workable policies for our coal mining development.
The writer is the senior energy planner and an economist with the National Development Planning Agency. The opinions expressed are his own.
Source: The Jakarta Post ( Hanan Nugroho)
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Tuesday, 01 June 10
LANCO INFRATECH PLANS POWER PROJECTS IN COASTAL REGIONS
My digital reported that, Hyderabad-based Lanco Infratech will set up power projects in coastal regions based on imported coal. The company is ...
Monday, 31 May 10
NEWCASTLE WEEKLY EXPORTS RISE; SHIP QUEUE SHORTENS
Business week reported that, Coal shipments from Australia’s Newcastle port, the world’s biggest export harbor for the fuel used in powe ...
Saturday, 29 May 10
FREIGHT MARKET SEEMS TO BE STABILIZING - CAPT. REDDY
COALspot.com: The week was clearly for Cape which went up by almost 21 pct . The BDI was up only by 6 pct.
The other sectors were under pressure ...
Friday, 28 May 10
BERAU COAL GROUP SEEKS US$ 700 M LOAN
PT Bukit Mutiara has decided to revise down its bond issue from US$600 million to US$400 million. In total, it is seeking US$700 million of debt, co ...
Friday, 28 May 10
CHINESE BAN TO HIT INDIAN IRON ORE EXPORTS
Nearly half of India's iron ore exports to China are in serious danger of being wiped out. The local government has imposed a ban on import of low ...
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- Thai Mozambique Logistica
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- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
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- The University of Queensland
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- ICICI Bank Limited - India
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- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
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- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
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- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
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- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
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- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
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- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
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- Latin American Coal - Colombia
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- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
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- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
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- Planning Commission, India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
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- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
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- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
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- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
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- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
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- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
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- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
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- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
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- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
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- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
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- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
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- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Economic Council, Georgia
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- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
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- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
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- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
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